Sourcing the iron in the naturally fertilised bloom around the Kerguelen Plateau: particulate trace metal dynamics

Type Article
Date 2015-02-06
Language English
Author(s) Van Der Merwe P.1, Bowie A. R.1, 2, Queroue F.1, 2, 3, Armand L.4, Blain S.5, 6, Chever Fanny3, 7, Davies D.1, Dehairs F.8, Planchon F.3, Sarthou G.9, Townsend A. T.10, Trull T. W.1, 11
Affiliation(s) 1 : Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, University of Tasmania, TAS 7004, Australia
2 : Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, TAS 7004, Australia
3 : Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS,IRD, UMR6539, IUEM, Technopole Brest Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
4 : Department of Biological Sciences and Climate Futures, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
5 : Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7621, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls/mer, France
6 : CNRS, UMR7621, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls/mer, France
7 : IFREMER/Centre de Brest, Département REM/EEP/Laboratoire Environnement Profond, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
8 : Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry & Earth System Sciences research group, Brussels, Belgium
9 : CNRS, Université de Brest, IRD, Ifremer, UMR6539 LEMAR, IUEM ; Technopôle Brest Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
10 : Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia
11 : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans and Climate Flagship, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Source Biogeosciences (1726-4170) (European Geosciences Union (EGU)), 2015-02-06 , Vol. 12 , N. 3 , P. 739-755
DOI 10.5194/bg-12-739-2015
WOS© Times Cited 38
Note Special issue KEOPS2: Kerguelen Ocean and Plateau Study 2
Abstract The KEOPS2 project aims to elucidate the role of natural Fe fertilisation on biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functioning, including quantifying the sources and processes by which iron is delivered in the vicinity of the Kerguelen Archipelago, Southern Ocean. The KEOPS2 process study used an upstream high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC), deep water (2500 m), reference station to compare with a shallow (500 m), strongly fertilised plateau station and continued the observations to a downstream, bathymetrically trapped recirculation of the Polar Front where eddies commonly form and persist for hundreds of kilometres into the Southern Ocean. Over the Kerguelen Plateau, mean particulate (1-53 mu m) Fe and Al concentrations (pFe = 13.4 nM, pAl = 25.2 nM) were more than 20-fold higher than at an offshore (lower-productivity) reference station (pFe = 0.53 nM, pAl = 0.83 nM). In comparison, over the plateau dissolved Fe levels were only elevated by a factor of similar to 2. Over the Kerguelen Plateau, ratios of pMn / pAl and pFe / pAl resemble basalt, likely originating from glacial/fluvial inputs into shallow coastal waters. In downstream, offshore deep-waters, higher pFe / pAl, and pMn / pAl ratios were observed, suggesting loss of lithogenic material accompanied by retention of pFe and pMn. Biological uptake of dissolved Fe and Mn and conversion into the biogenic particulate fraction or aggregation of particulate metals onto bioaggregates also increased these ratios further in surface waters as the bloom developed within the recirculation structure. While resuspension of shelf sediments is likely to be one of the important mechanisms of Fe fertilisation over the plateau, fluvial and glacial sources appear to be important to areas downstream of the island. Vertical profiles within an offshore recirculation feature associated with the Polar Front show pFe and pMn levels that were 6-fold and 3.5-fold lower, respectively, than over the plateau in surface waters, though still 3.6-fold and 1.7-fold higher respectively than the reference station. Within the recirculation feature, strong depletions of pFe and pMn were observed in the remnant winter water (temperature-minimum) layer near 175 m, with higher values above and below this depth. The correspondence between the pFe minima and the winter water temperature minima implies a seasonal cycle is involved in the supply of pFe into the fertilised region. This observed association is indicative of reduced supply in winter, which is counterintuitive if sediment resuspension and entrainment within the mixed layer is the primary fertilising mechanism to the downstream recirculation structure. Therefore, we hypothesise that lateral transport of pFe from shallow coastal waters is strong in spring, associated with snow melt and increased runoff due to rainfall, drawdown through summer and reduced supply in winter when snowfall and freezing conditions predominate in the Kerguelen region.
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Van Der Merwe P., Bowie A. R., Queroue F., Armand L., Blain S., Chever Fanny, Davies D., Dehairs F., Planchon F., Sarthou G., Townsend A. T., Trull T. W. (2015). Sourcing the iron in the naturally fertilised bloom around the Kerguelen Plateau: particulate trace metal dynamics. Biogeosciences, 12(3), 739-755. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-739-2015 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00256/36676/