Comparative embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of the herbicide diuron and its metabolites in early life stages of Crassostrea gigas: implication of reactive oxygen species production

Type Article
Date 2016-06
Language English
Author(s) Behrens Daphne1, Rouxel Julien1, Burgeot Thierry1, Akcha Farida1
Affiliation(s) 1 : IFREMER, Lab Ecotoxicol, Rue Ile dYeu,BP21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
Source Aquatic Toxicology (0166-445X) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2016-06 , Vol. 175 , P. 249-259
DOI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.003
WOS© Times Cited 34
Keyword(s) Oyster, Herbicide, Embryotoxicity, Genotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Biotransformation
Abstract Herbicides are one of the major classes of pollutants contaminating coastal waters over the world. Among them, diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is a phenylurea herbicide frequently detected in oyster-producing area, known to be toxic for this important exploited non-target species. With the aim to investigate the mechanisms by which diuron displays its toxicity in oyster, the implication of both biotransformation and oxygen reactive species (ROS) production was studied considering embryotoxicity and genotoxicity as endpoints. Comparative embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of diuron and its main metabolites (DCPMU, DCPU and 3,4-DCA) were thus studied on oyster larvae by the embryo-larval bioassay on D larvae and the comet assay on trochophore larvae, respectively. Exposures were also performed in presence and absence of known ROS scavenger compounds − ascorbic acid and N-acetylcysteine, to evaluate the involvement of oxyradicals in the toxic responses. In the case of diuron, the production of ROS on exposed oyster larvae was also measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate as a probe for flow cytometric analysis.

The results we obtained showed the embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of diuron and its metabolites in early life stages of the Pacific oyster. For concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 μg.L−1, diuron appeared significantly more embryotoxic than DCPMU and DCPU (p < 0.001). Embryotoxicity decreased with diuron metabolism as follows: diuron ≥ DCPMU = DCPU, highlighting that biotransformation can constitute a true detoxication pathways in oyster larvae by decreasing the toxicity of the parent compound. In the opposite, no difference was observed between diuron and its metabolites concerning larval development when considering a lower and more environmentally realistic range of concentrations (0.002 to 0.050 μg.L−1). 3,4-DCA was the only compound that did not show any sign of embryotoxicity, even at concentrations up to 5 μg.L−1. Concerning genotoxicity, no significant difference was observed between diuron and all of its metabolites including 3, 4 DCA with damages detected from the concentration of 0.05 μg.L−1. As for diuron, the toxicity of the metabolites seems to be mediated in some part by ROS production as clearly demonstrated by the decrease in genotoxicity and developmental abnormalities in the presence of the oxidant scavenger, ascorbic acid.
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Behrens Daphne, Rouxel Julien, Burgeot Thierry, Akcha Farida (2016). Comparative embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of the herbicide diuron and its metabolites in early life stages of Crassostrea gigas: implication of reactive oxygen species production. Aquatic Toxicology, 175, 249-259. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.003 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00324/43521/