TY - JOUR T1 - Azaspiracid accumulation, detoxification and biotransformation in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) experimentally fed Azadinium spinosum A1 - Jauffrais,Thierry A1 - Marcaillou-Le Baut,Claire A1 - Herrenknecht,Christine A1 - Truquet,Philippe A1 - Sechet,Veronique A1 - Nicolau,Elodie A1 - Tillmann,Urban A1 - Hess,Philipp AD - IFREMER, Lab EMP PHYC, F-44311 Nantes, France. AD - Nantes Atlantique Univ, MMS E42160, F-44035 Nantes, France. AD - Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.351 DO - 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.351 KW - Azaspiracid KW - Azadinium spinosum KW - Marine biotoxins KW - AZA KW - Tissue distribution KW - Histology KW - Bivalve molluscs KW - Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry N2 - Azadinium spinosum (Elbrächter and Tillmann), a small marine dinoflagellate, has been recently described as a de novo producer of azaspiracid-1 and -2 (AZA1 and -2) diarrhoeic toxins. A culture of A. spinosum was established in our laboratory and optimised for pilot-scale production of this organism, to evaluate and understand AZA1 and -2 accumulation and biotransformation in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) fed with A. spinosum. Adult mussels were continuously exposed to A. spinosum over 1 week in 160 L cylindrical conical tanks. Three different diets were tested for contamination: 5000, 10 000 cells mL−1 of A. spinosum and a mixture of 5000 cells mL−1 of A. spinosum with 5000 cells mL−1 of Isochrysis aff. galbana (T-Iso, CCAP 927/14). During the subsequent period of detoxification (2 weeks), contaminated mussels were continuously fed with 5000 cells mL−1 of T-Iso. Kinetics of accumulation, detoxification and biotransformation were evaluated, as well as the toxin distribution and the effect of A. spinosum on mussel digestive gland tubules. M. edulis fed on A. spinosum in the three tested conditions; this finding confirmed our recent experiments feeding A. spinosum to mussels. The original algal toxins AZA1 and -2, as well as mussel metabolites AZA3 to 12, -17, -19, -21 and -23 were found during these trials. After as little as 6 h, azaspiracid contents in mussels reached the EU regulatory limit, and metabolites were observed in all conditions at approximately 25% of the total AZA content. This fraction exceeded 50% after 24 h, and continued to increase until the end of the study. AZA17 and -19 were found to be the main metabolites, with AZA17 concentrations estimated in the same order of magnitude as that of the main algal toxin, AZA1. Highlights ► Azadinium spinosum was cultured and fed to blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). ► Mussels accumulated azaspiracids in less than 6 h to greater than legal limit. ► Biotransformation of algal toxins into shellfish metabolites was also rapid with >25% metabolites observed after 6 h. ► Detoxification speed was comparable with other lipophilic toxins (half-life ca. 11 days). ► Azaspiracids-6, -17 and -19 should also be considered in legislation. Y1 - 2012/09 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd JF - Toxicon SN - 0041-0101 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 582 EP - 595 ID - 19877 ER -