FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI Pinnatoxin G is responsible for atypical toxicity in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and clams (Venerupis decussata) from Ingril, a French Mediterranean lagoon BT AF HESS, Philipp ABADIE, Eric HERVE, Fabienne BERTEAUX, Tom SECHET, Veronique ARAOZ, Romulo MOLGO, Jordi ZAKARIAN, Armen SIBAT, Manoella RUNDBERGET, Thomas MILES, Christopher O. AMZIL, Zouher AS 1:1;2:2;3:1;4:2;5:1;6:3;7:3;8:4;9:1;10:5;11:5;12:1; FF 1:PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-PHYC;2:PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-LERLR;3:PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-PHYC;4:PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-LERLR;5:PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-PHYC;6:;7:;8:;9:PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-PHYC;10:;11:;12:PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-PHYC; C1 IFREMER, Lab Phycotoxines, Ctr Atlantique, F-44311 Nantes, France. IFREMER, Lab Environm Resources Languedoc Roussillon, F-34203 Sete, France. CNRS, Lab Neurobiol & Dev, UPR 3294, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Norwegian Vet Inst, N-0106 Oslo, Norway. C2 IFREMER, FRANCE IFREMER, FRANCE CNRS, FRANCE UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA, USA NORWEGIAN VET INST, NORWAY SI NANTES SETE SE PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-PHYC PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-LERLR IN WOS Ifremer jusqu'en 2018 copubli-france copubli-europe copubli-int-hors-europe IF 2.581 TC 51 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00158/26960/25255.pdf LA English DT Article DE ;Cyclic imines;Shellfish toxin;Accumulation;Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS);Unexplained mouse toxicity AB Following a review of official control data on shellfish in France, Ingril Lagoon had been identified as a site where positive mouse bioassays for lipophilic toxins had been repeatedly observed. These unexplained mouse bioassays, also called atypical toxicity, coincided with an absence of regulated toxins and rapid death times in mice observed in the assay. The present study describes pinnatoxin G as the main compound responsible for the toxicity observed using the mouse bioassay for lipophilic toxins. Using a well-characterised standard for pinnatoxin G, LC-MS/MS analysis of mussel samples collected from 2009 to 2012 revealed regular occurrences of pinnatoxin G at levels sufficient to account for the toxicity in the mouse bioassays. Baseline levels of pinnatoxin G from May to October usually exceeded 40 μg kg−1 in whole flesh, with a maximum in September 2010 of around 1200 μg kg−1. These concentrations were much greater than those at the other 10 sites selected for vigilance testing, where concentrations did not exceed 10 μg kg−1 in a 3-month survey from April to July 2010, and where rapid mouse deaths were not typically observed. Mussels were always more contaminated than clams, confirming that mussel is a good sentinel species for pinnatoxins. Profiles in mussels and clams were similar, with the concentration of pinnatoxin A less than 2% that of pinnatoxin G, and pteriatoxins were only present in non-quantifiable traces. Esters of pinnatoxin G could not be detected by analysis of extracts before and after alkaline hydrolysis. Analysis with a receptor-binding assay showed that natural pinnatoxin G was similarly active on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as chemically synthesized pinnatoxin G. Culture of Vulcanodinium rugosum, previously isolated from Ingril lagoon, confirmed that this alga is a pinnatoxin G producer (4.7 pg cell−1). Absence of this organism from the water column during prolonged periods of shellfish contamination and the dominance of non-motile life stages of V. rugosum both suggest that further studies will be required to fully describe the ecology of this organism and the accumulation of pinnatoxins in shellfish PY 2013 PD DEC SO Toxicon SN 0041-0101 PU Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd VL 75 UT 000326609700003 BP 16 EP 26 DI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.001 ID 26960 ER EF