FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states BT AF DANABASOGLU, Gokhan YEAGER, Steve G. BAILEY, David BEHRENS, Erik BENTSEN, Mats BI, Daohua BIASTOCH, Arne BOENING, Claus BOZEC, Alexandra CANUTO, Vittorio M. CASSOU, Christophe CHASSIGNET, Eric COWARD, Andrew C. DANILOV, Sergey DIANSKY, Nikolay DRANGE, Helge FARNETI, Riccardo FERNANDEZ, E FOGLI, Pier Giuseppe FORGET, Gael FUJII, Yosuke GRIFFIES, Stephen M. GUSEV, Anatoly HEIMBACH, Patrick HOWARD, Armando JUNG, Thomas KELLEY, Maxwell LARGE, William G. LEBOISSETIER, Anthony LU, Jianhua MADEC, G MARSLAND, Simon J. MASINAM, Simona NAVARRAM, Antonio NURSER, A. J. George PIRANI, Anna SALAS Y MELIA, David SAMUELS, Bonita L. SCHEINERT, Markus SIDORENKO, Dmitry TREGUIER, Anne-Marie TSUJINO, Hiroyuki UOTILA, Petteri VALCKE, Sophie VOLDOIRE, Aurore WANGI, Qiang AS 1:1;2:1;3:1;4:2;5:3;6:;7:2;8:2;9:6;10:7;11:8;12:6;13:9;14:10;15:11;16:12;17:13;18:8;19:14;20:15;21:16;22:17;23:11;24:15;25:18;26:10;27:7;28:1;29:7;30:6;31:19;32:4,5;33:14,20;34:14,20;35:9;36:21;37:22;38:17;39:2;40:10;41:23;42:16;43:;44:;45:22;46:10; FF 1:;2:;3:;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:;9:;10:;11:;12:;13:;14:;15:;16:;17:;18:;19:;20:;21:;22:;23:;24:;25:;26:;27:;28:;29:;30:;31:;32:;33:;34:;35:;36:;37:;38:;39:;40:;41:;42:;43:;44:;45:;46:; C1 NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. GEOMAR, Helmholtz Ctr Ocean Res, Kiel, Germany. Uni Res Ltd, Uni Climate, Bergen, Norway. CSIRO, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, Melbourne, Australia. CSIRO, Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Australia. Florida State Univ, COAPS, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. CERFACS, Toulouse, France. NOCS, Southampton, Hants, England. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res AWI, Bremerhaven, Germany. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Numer Math, Moscow, Russia. Univ Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Abdus Salaam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Trieste, Italy. Ctr Euro Mediterraneo Cambiamenti Climatici CMCC, Bologna, Italy. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Japan Meteorol Agcy, MRI, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. CUNY Medgar Evers Coll, Brooklyn, NY 11225 USA. CNRS IRD UPMC, IPSL LOCEAN, Paris, France. INGV, Bologna, Italy. Natl Oceanog Ctr, Int CLIVAR Project Off, Southampton, Hants, England. CNRM, Toulouse, France. IUEM, CNRS Ifremer IRD UBO, UMR 6523, Lab Phys Oceans, Plouzane, France. C2 NCAR, USA GEOMAR, GERMANY UNI RES BERGEN, NORWAY CSIRO, AUSTRALIA CSIRO, AUSTRALIA UNIV FLORIDA, USA NASA, USA CERFACS, FRANCE NOC, UK INST A WEGENER, GERMANY RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, RUSSIA UNIV BERGEN, NORWAY ABDUS SALAAM INT CTR THEORET PHYS, ITALY CMCC, ITALY MIT, USA JAPAN METEOROL AGCY, JAPAN NOAA, USA UNIV CITY NEW YORK, USA IPSL, FRANCE INGV, ITALY NOC, UK CNRM, FRANCE CNRS, FRANCE IF 2.927 TC 309 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00164/27525/28368.pdf LA English DT Article DE ;Global ocean-sea-ice modelling;Ocean model comparisons;Atmospheric forcing;Experimental design;Atlantic meridional overturning circulation;North Atlantic simulations AB Simulation characteristics from eighteen global ocean–sea-ice coupled models are presented with a focus on the mean Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and other related fields in the North Atlantic. These experiments use inter-annually varying atmospheric forcing data sets for the 60-year period from 1948 to 2007 and are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The protocol for conducting such CORE-II experiments is summarized. Despite using the same atmospheric forcing, the solutions show significant differences. As most models also differ from available observations, biases in the Labrador Sea region in upper-ocean potential temperature and salinity distributions, mixed layer depths, and sea-ice cover are identified as contributors to differences in AMOC. These differences in the solutions do not suggest an obvious grouping of the models based on their ocean model lineage, their vertical coordinate representations, or surface salinity restoring strengths. Thus, the solution differences among the models are attributed primarily to use of different subgrid scale parameterizations and parameter choices as well as to differences in vertical and horizontal grid resolutions in the ocean models. Use of a wide variety of sea-ice models with diverse snow and sea-ice albedo treatments also contributes to these differences. Based on the diagnostics considered, the majority of the models appear suitable for use in studies involving the North Atlantic, but some models require dedicated development effort. PY 2014 PD JAN SO Ocean Modelling SN 1463-5003 PU Elsevier Sci Ltd VL 73 UT 000329117100006 BP 76 EP 107 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.10.005 ID 27525 ER EF