FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI Satellite and In Situ Salinity: Understanding Near-surface Stratification and Sub-footprint Variability BT AF BOUTIN, J. CHAO, Y. ASHER, W. E. DELCROIX, T. DRUCKER, R. DRUSHKA, K. KOLODZIEJCZYK, Nicolas LEE, T. REUL, Nicolas REVERDIN, G. SCHANZE, J. SOLOVIEV, A. YU, L. ANDERSON, J. BRUCKER, L. DINNAT, E. SANTOS-GARCIA, A. JONES, W. L. MAES, C. MEISSNER, T. TANG, W. VINOGRADOVA, N. WARD, B. AS 1:1;2:2;3:3;4:4;5:5;6:3;7:1;8:6;9:7;10:1;11:8;12:9;13:10;14:5;15:11,12;16:13,14;17:15;18:15;19:16;20:17;21:6;22:18;23:19,20; FF 1:;2:;3:;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:;9:PDG-ODE-LOPS-SIAM;10:;11:;12:;13:;14:;15:;16:;17:;18:;19:;20:;21:;22:;23:; C1 Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Univ, LOCEAN Lab, CNRS,IRD,MNHN, Paris, France. Remote Sensing Solut, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog Spatiale, Toulouse, France. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. IFREMER, Lab Oceanog Space, Toulon, France. Earth & Space Res, Seattle, WA USA. Nova Southeastern Univ, Dania, FL USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. Chapman Univ, Ctr Excellence Earth Syst Modeling & Observat, Orange, CA USA. Univ Cent Florida, Elect & Comp Engn Dept, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. UBO, Ifremer, IRD, Lab Phys Oceans,CNRS, Plouzane, France. Remote Sensing Syst, Santa Rosa, CA USA. Atmospher & Environm Res, Lexington, MA USA. Natl Univ Ireland, Sch Phys, AirSea Lab, Galway, Ireland. Natl Univ Ireland, Ryan Inst, Galway, Ireland. C2 UNIV PARIS 06, FRANCE REMOTE SENSING SOLUT, USA UNIV WASHINGTON, USA CNRS, FRANCE UNIV WASHINGTON, USA JET PROP LAB, USA IFREMER, FRANCE EARTH & SPACE RES, USA UNIV NOVA SOUTHEASTERN, USA WHOI, USA UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC, USA NASA, USA NASA, USA UNIV CHAPMAN, USA UNIV CENT FLORIDA, USA UBO, FRANCE REMOTE SENSING SYST, USA ATMOSPHER & ENVIRONM RES, USA UNIV NATL IRELAND, IRELAND UNIV NATL IRELAND, IRELAND SI TOULON SE PDG-ODE-LOPS-SIAM UM LOPS IN WOS Ifremer jusqu'en 2018 copubli-france copubli-europe copubli-univ-france copubli-int-hors-europe IF 7.281 TC 119 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00300/41095/40268.pdf LA English DT Article CR PIRATA AB Remote sensing of salinity using satellite-mounted microwave radiometers provides new perspectives for studying ocean dynamics and the global hydrological cycle. Calibration and validation of these measurements is challenging because satellite and in situ methods measure salinity differently. Microwave radiometers measure the salinity in the top few centimeters of the ocean, whereas most in situ observations are reported below a depth of a few meters. Additionally, satellites measure salinity as a spatial average over an area of about 100x100 km2. In contrast, in situ sensors provide pointwise measurements at the location of the sensor. Thus, the presence of vertical gradients in, and horizontal variability of, sea surface salinity complicates comparing satellite and in situ measurements. This paper synthesizes present knowledge of the magnitude, and the processes that contribute to the formation and evolution of, vertical and horizontal variability in near-surface salinity. Rainfall, freshwater plumes and evaporation can generate vertical gradients of salinity, and in some cases these gradients can be large enough to affect validation of satellite measurements. Similarly, mesoscale to submesoscale processes can lead to horizontal variability that can also affect comparisons of satellite data to in situ data. Comparisons between satellite and in situ salinity measurements must take into account both vertical stratification and horizontal variability. PY 2016 PD AUG SO Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society SN 0003-0007 PU Amer Meteorological Soc VL 97 IS 8 UT 000382430700011 BP 1391 EP 1407 DI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00032.1 ID 41095 ER EF