TY - JOUR T1 - North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part II: Inter-annual to decadal variability A1 - Danabasoglu,Gokhan A1 - Yeager,Steve G. A1 - Kim,Who M. A1 - Behrens,Erik A1 - Bentsen,Mats A1 - Bi,Daohua A1 - Biastoch,Arne A1 - Bleck,Rainer A1 - Boening,Claus A1 - Bozec,Alexandra A1 - Canuto,Vittorio M. A1 - Cassou,Christophe A1 - Chassignet,Eric A1 - Coward,Andrew C. A1 - Danilov,Sergey A1 - Diansky,Nikolay A1 - Drange,Helge A1 - Farneti,Riccardo A1 - Fernandez,Elodie A1 - Fogli,Pier Giuseppe A1 - Forget,Gael A1 - Fujii,Yosuke A1 - Griffies,Stephen M. A1 - Gusev,Anatoly A1 - Heimbach,Patrick A1 - Howard,Armando A1 - Ilicak,Mehmet A1 - Jung,Thomas A1 - Karspeck,Alicia R. A1 - Kelley,Maxwell A1 - Large,William G. A1 - Leboissetier,Anthony A1 - Lu,Jianhua A1 - Madec,Gurvan A1 - Marsland,Simon J. A1 - Masina,Simona A1 - Navarra,Antonio A1 - Nurser,A. J. George A1 - Pirani,Anna A1 - Romanou,Anastasia A1 - Salas Y Melia,David A1 - Samuels,Bonita L. A1 - Scheinert,Markus A1 - Sidorenko,Dmitry A1 - Sun,Shan A1 - Treguier,Anne-Marie A1 - Tsujino,Hiroyuki A1 - Uotila,Petteri A1 - Valcke,Sophie A1 - Voldoire,Aurore A1 - Wang,Qiang A1 - Yashayaev,Igor AD - NCAR, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. AD - Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA. AD - Helmholtz Ctr Ocean Res, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany. AD - Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Uni Res Climate, Bergen, Norway. AD - CSIRO, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. AD - CSIRO, Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. AD - NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. AD - NASA Goddard Inst Space Studies GISS, New York, NY USA. AD - Florida State Univ, Ctr Ocean Atmospher Predict Studies COAPS, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. AD - CERFACS, Toulouse, France. AD - NOCS, Southampton, Hants, England. AD - Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res AWI, Bremerhaven, Germany. AD - Russian Acad Sci, Inst Numer Math, Moscow, Russia. AD - Univ Bergen, Inst Geophys, Bergen, Norway. AD - Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Bergen, Norway. AD - Abdus Salaam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Trieste, Italy. AD - Mercator Ocean, Toulouse, France. AD - Ctr Euromediterraneo Sui Cambiamenti Climatici CM, Bologna, Italy. AD - MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. AD - Japan Meteorol Agcy, MRI, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. AD - NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. AD - CUNY Medgar Evers Coll, Brooklyn, NY 11225 USA. AD - CNRS IRD UPMC, IPSL LOCEAN, Paris, France. AD - INGV, Bologna, Italy. AD - Abdus Salaam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Int CLIVAR Project Off, Trieste, Italy. AD - Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. AD - Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol CNRM GAME, Toulouse, France. AD - IUEM, CNRS Ifremer IRD UBO, UMR 6523, Lab Phys Oceans, Plouzane, France. AD - Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. AD - Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.11.007 DO - 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.11.007 KW - Global ocean - sea-ice modelling KW - Ocean model comparisons KW - Atmospheric forcing KW - Inter-annual to decadal variability and mechanisms KW - Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variability KW - Variability in the North Atlantic N2 - Simulated inter-annual to decadal variability and trends in the North Atlantic for the 1958-2007 period from twenty global ocean - sea-ice coupled models are presented. These simulations are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The study is Part II of our companion paper (Danabasoglu et al., 2014) which documented the mean states in the North Atlantic from the same models. A major focus of the present study is the representation of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability in the participating models. Relationships between AMOC variability and those of some other related variables, such as subpolar mixed layer depths, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Labrador Sea upper-ocean hydrographic properties, are also investigated. In general, AMOC variability shows three distinct stages. During the first stage that lasts until the mid-to late-1970s, AMOC is relatively steady, remaining lower than its long-term (1958-2007) mean. Thereafter, AMOC intensifies with maximum transports achieved in the mid-to late-1990s. This enhancement is then followed by a weakening trend until the end of our integration period. This sequence of low frequency AMOC variability is consistent with previous studies. Regarding strengthening of AMOC between about the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s, our results support a previously identified variability mechanism where AMOC intensification is connected to increased deep water formation in the subpolar North Atlantic, driven by NAO-related surface fluxes. The simulations tend to show general agreement in their temporal representations of, for example, AMOC, sea surface temperature (SST), and subpolar mixed layer depth variabilities. In particular, the observed variability of the North Atlantic SSTs is captured well by all models. These findings indicate that simulated variability and trends are primarily dictated by the atmospheric datasets which include the influence of ocean dynamics from nature superimposed onto anthropogenic effects. Despite these general agreements, there are many differences among the model solutions, particularly in the spatial structures of variability patterns. For example, the location of the maximum AMOC variability differs among the models between Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Y1 - 2016/01 PB - Elsevier Sci Ltd JF - Ocean Modelling SN - 1463-5003 VL - 97 SP - 65 EP - 90 ID - 42164 ER -