FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part II: Inter-annual to decadal variability BT AF DANABASOGLU, Gokhan YEAGER, Steve G. KIM, Who M. BEHRENS, Erik BENTSEN, Mats BI, Daohua BIASTOCH, Arne BLECK, Rainer BOENING, Claus BOZEC, Alexandra CANUTO, Vittorio M. CASSOU, Christophe CHASSIGNET, Eric COWARD, Andrew C. DANILOV, Sergey DIANSKY, Nikolay DRANGE, Helge FARNETI, Riccardo FERNANDEZ, Elodie FOGLI, Pier Giuseppe FORGET, Gael FUJII, Yosuke GRIFFIES, Stephen M. GUSEV, Anatoly HEIMBACH, Patrick HOWARD, Armando ILICAK, Mehmet JUNG, Thomas KARSPECK, Alicia R. KELLEY, Maxwell LARGE, William G. LEBOISSETIER, Anthony LU, Jianhua MADEC, Gurvan MARSLAND, Simon J. MASINA, Simona NAVARRA, Antonio NURSER, A. J. George PIRANI, Anna ROMANOU, Anastasia SALAS Y MELIA, David SAMUELS, Bonita L. SCHEINERT, Markus SIDORENKO, Dmitry SUN, Shan TREGUIER, Anne-Marie TSUJINO, Hiroyuki UOTILA, Petteri VALCKE, Sophie VOLDOIRE, Aurore WANG, Qiang YASHAYAEV, Igor AS 1:1;2:1;3:2;4:3;5:4;6:5;7:3,9;8:7,8;9:3;10:;11:8;12:10;13:9;14:11;15:12;16:13;17:14,15;18:16;19:10,17;20:18;21:19;22:20;23:21;24:13;25:19;26:8,22;27:4;28:12;29:1;30:8;31:1;32:8;33:9;34:23;35:5,6;36:18,24;37:18,24;38:11;39:25;40:8,26;41:27;42:21;43:3;44:12;45:7;46:28;47:20;48:5,6,29;49:10;50:27;51:12;52:30; FF 1:;2:;3:;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:;9:;10:;11:;12:;13:;14:;15:;16:;17:;18:;19:;20:;21:;22:;23:;24:;25:;26:;27:;28:;29:;30:;31:;32:;33:;34:;35:;36:;37:;38:;39:;40:;41:;42:;43:;44:;45:;46:;47:;48:;49:;50:;51:;52:; C1 NCAR, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA. Helmholtz Ctr Ocean Res, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany. Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Uni Res Climate, Bergen, Norway. CSIRO, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. CSIRO, Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NASA Goddard Inst Space Studies GISS, New York, NY USA. Florida State Univ, Ctr Ocean Atmospher Predict Studies COAPS, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. CERFACS, Toulouse, France. NOCS, Southampton, Hants, England. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res AWI, Bremerhaven, Germany. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Numer Math, Moscow, Russia. Univ Bergen, Inst Geophys, Bergen, Norway. Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Bergen, Norway. Abdus Salaam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Trieste, Italy. Mercator Ocean, Toulouse, France. Ctr Euromediterraneo Sui Cambiamenti Climatici CM, Bologna, Italy. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Japan Meteorol Agcy, MRI, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. CUNY Medgar Evers Coll, Brooklyn, NY 11225 USA. CNRS IRD UPMC, IPSL LOCEAN, Paris, France. INGV, Bologna, Italy. Abdus Salaam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Int CLIVAR Project Off, Trieste, Italy. Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol CNRM GAME, Toulouse, France. IUEM, CNRS Ifremer IRD UBO, UMR 6523, Lab Phys Oceans, Plouzane, France. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. C2 NCAR, USA UNIV TEXAS A&M, USA HELMHOLTZ CTR OCEAN RES, GERMANY BCCR, NORWAY CSIRO, AUSTRALIA CSIRO, AUSTRALIA NOAA, USA NASA, USA UNIV FLORIDA STATE, USA CERFACS, FRANCE NOCS, UK INST A WEGENER, GERMANY RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, RUSSIA UNIV BERGEN, NORWAY BCCR, NORWAY ICTP, ITALY MERCATOR OCEAN, FRANCE CMCC, ITALY MIT, USA JAPAN METEOROL AGCY, JAPAN NOAA, USA UNIV CITY NEW YORK, USA IPSL, FRANCE INGV, ITALY ICTP, ITALY UNIV COLUMBIA, USA CNRM (METEO FRANCE), FRANCE UBO, FRANCE FINNISH METEOROL INST, FINLAND MPO, CANADA UM LOPS IF 3.341 TC 126 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00310/42164/84135.pdf LA English DT Article DE ;Global ocean - sea-ice modelling;Ocean model comparisons;Atmospheric forcing;Inter-annual to decadal variability and mechanisms;Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variability;Variability in the North Atlantic AB Simulated inter-annual to decadal variability and trends in the North Atlantic for the 1958-2007 period from twenty global ocean - sea-ice coupled models are presented. These simulations are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The study is Part II of our companion paper (Danabasoglu et al., 2014) which documented the mean states in the North Atlantic from the same models. A major focus of the present study is the representation of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability in the participating models. Relationships between AMOC variability and those of some other related variables, such as subpolar mixed layer depths, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Labrador Sea upper-ocean hydrographic properties, are also investigated. In general, AMOC variability shows three distinct stages. During the first stage that lasts until the mid-to late-1970s, AMOC is relatively steady, remaining lower than its long-term (1958-2007) mean. Thereafter, AMOC intensifies with maximum transports achieved in the mid-to late-1990s. This enhancement is then followed by a weakening trend until the end of our integration period. This sequence of low frequency AMOC variability is consistent with previous studies. Regarding strengthening of AMOC between about the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s, our results support a previously identified variability mechanism where AMOC intensification is connected to increased deep water formation in the subpolar North Atlantic, driven by NAO-related surface fluxes. The simulations tend to show general agreement in their temporal representations of, for example, AMOC, sea surface temperature (SST), and subpolar mixed layer depth variabilities. In particular, the observed variability of the North Atlantic SSTs is captured well by all models. These findings indicate that simulated variability and trends are primarily dictated by the atmospheric datasets which include the influence of ocean dynamics from nature superimposed onto anthropogenic effects. Despite these general agreements, there are many differences among the model solutions, particularly in the spatial structures of variability patterns. For example, the location of the maximum AMOC variability differs among the models between Northern and Southern Hemispheres. PY 2016 PD JAN SO Ocean Modelling SN 1463-5003 PU Elsevier Sci Ltd VL 97 UT 000367556200006 BP 65 EP 90 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.11.007 ID 42164 ER EF