FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI Global Carbon Budget 2016 BT AF LE QUERE, Corinne ANDREW, Robbie M. CANADELL, Josep G. SITCH, Stephen KORSBAKKEN, Jan Ivar PETERS, Glen P. MANNING, Andrew C. BODEN, Thomas A. TANS, Pieter P. HOUGHTON, Richard A. KEELING, Ralph F. ALIN, Simone ANDREWS, Oliver D. ANTHONI, Peter BARBERO, Leticia BOPP, Laurent CHEVALLIER, Frederic CHINI, Louise P. CIAIS, Philippe CURRIE, Kim DELIRE, Christine DONEY, Scott C. FRIEDLINGSTEIN, Pierre GKRITZALIS, Thanos HARRIS, Ian HAUCK, Judith HAVERD, Vanessa HOPPEMA, Mario GOLDEWIJK, Kees Klein JAIN, Atul K. KATO, Etsushi KOERTZINGER, Arne LANDSCHUETZER, Peter LEFEVRE, Nathalie LENTON, Andrew LIENERT, Sebastian LOMBARDOZZI, Danica MELTON, Joe R. METZL, Nicolas MILLERO, Frank MONTEIRO, Pedro M. S. MUNRO, David R. NABEL, Julia E. M. S. NAKAOKA, Shin-ichiro O'BRIEN, Kevin OLSEN, Are OMAR, Abdirahman M. ONO, Tsuneo PIERROT, Denis POULTER, Benjamin ROEDENBECK, Christian SALISBURY, Joe SCHUSTER, Ute SCHWINGER, Joerg SEFERIAN, Roland SKJELVAN, Ingunn STOCKER, Benjamin D. SUTTON, Adrienne J. TAKAHASHI, Taro TIAN, Hanqin TILBROOK, Bronte VAN DER LAAN-LUIJKX, Ingrid T. VAN DER WERF, Guido R. VIOVY, Nicolas WALKER, Anthony P. WILTSHIRE, Andrew J. ZAEHLE, Soenke AS 1:1;2:2;3:3;4:4;5:2;6:2;7:5;8:6;9:7;10:8;11:9;12:10;13:1;14:11;15:12,13;16:14;17:14;18:15;19:14;20:16;21:17;22:18;23:19;24:20;25:21;26:22;27:23;28:22;29:24,25;30:26;31:27;32:28;33:29;34:30;35:31;36:32,33;37:34;38:35;39:30;40:36;41:37;42:38,39;43:29;44:40;45:41;46:42,43;47:42,43;48:44;49:12,13;50:45,46;51:47;52:48;53:4;54:49;55:17;56:49;57:50;58:10,41;59:51;60:52;61:53,54;62:55;63:56;64:14;65:57,58;66:59;67:47; FF 1:;2:;3:;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:;9:;10:;11:;12:;13:;14:;15:;16:;17:;18:;19:;20:;21:;22:;23:;24:;25:;26:;27:;28:;29:;30:;31:;32:;33:;34:;35:;36:;37:;38:;39:;40:;41:;42:;43:;44:;45:;46:;47:;48:;49:;50:;51:;52:;53:;54:;55:;56:;57:;58:;59:;60:;61:;62:;63:;64:;65:;66:;67:; C1 Univ East Anglia, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Ctr Int Climate & Environm Res Oslo, Oslo, Norway. CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Global Carbon Project, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Univ Exeter, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England. Univ East Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Ctr Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Carbon Dioxide Informat Anal Ctr, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab NOAA ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Inst Meteorol & Climate Res Atmospher Environm Re, Karlsruhe Inst Technol, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atlant Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace,Lab Sci Climat & Enviro, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. CNRS, Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, Unite Mixte Rech Meteo France 3589, 42 Ave Gaspard Coriolis, F-31100 Toulouse, France. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Exeter, Coll Engn Math & Phys Sci, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, England. InnovOcean, Flanders Marine Inst, Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium. Univ East Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Helmholtz Ctr Polar & Marine Res, Alfred Wegener Inst, D-120161 Postfach, Germany. CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. PBL Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy, The Hague, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61821 USA. Inst Appl Energy, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1050003, Japan. GEOMAR Helmholtz Ctr Ocean Res Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. 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C2 UNIV EAST ANGLIA, UK CICERO, NORWAY CSIRO, AUSTRALIA UNIV EXETER, UK UNIV EAST ANGLIA, UK OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, USA NOAA, USA WHOI, USA UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, USA NOAA, USA IMK IFU, GERMANY UNIV MIAMI, USA NOAA, USA CEA, FRANCE UNIV MARYLAND, USA NIWA, NEW ZEALAND CNRS, FRANCE WHOI, USA UNIV EXETER, UK INNOVOCEAN, BELGIUM UNIV EAST ANGLIA, UK INST A WEGENER, GERMANY CSIRO, AUSTRALIA PBL NETHERLANDS ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT AGCY, NETHERLANDS UNIV UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS UNIV ILLINOIS, USA INST APPL ENERGY, JAPAN GEOMAR, GERMANY MAX PLANCK INST METEOROL, GERMANY UNIV PARIS 06, FRANCE CSIRO E, AUSTRALIA UNIV BERN, SWITZERLAND UNIV BERN, SWITZERLAND NCAR, USA CLIMATE RES DIV, CANADA UNIV MIAMI, USA CSIR, SOUTH AFRICA UNIV COLORADO, USA UNIV COLORADO, USA NIES, JAPAN UNIV WASHINGTON, USA UNIV BERGEN, NORWAY UNIV BERGEN, NORWAY JAPAN FISHERIES RES & EDUC AGCY, JAPAN NASA, USA MONTANA STATE UNIV, USA MAX PLANCK INST BIOGEOCHEM, GERMANY UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE, USA UNI RES CLIMATE, NORWAY UNIV LONDON UCL, UK UNIV COLUMBIA, USA UNIV AUBURN, USA CSIRO, AUSTRALIA ACE CRC, AUSTRALIA UNIV WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS UNIV VRIJE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, USA OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, USA MET OFF HADLEY CTR, UK IF 6.696 TC 966 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00383/49401/49899.pdf LA English DT Article CR MD 201 / OBSAUSTRAL OISO - OCÉAN INDIEN SERVICE D'OBSERVATION VT 142 / OISO-24 BO Marion Dufresne AB Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere - the "global carbon budget" - is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates and consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (E-FF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (E-LUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (G(ATM)) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (S-OCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in S-OCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (S-LAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models. We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2006-2015), E-FF was 9.3 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1), E-LUC 1.0 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1), G(ATM) 4.5 +/- 0.1 GtC yr(-1), S-OCEAN 2.6 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1), and S-LAND 3.1 +/- 0.9 GtC yr(-1). For year 2015 alone, the growth in E-FF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1), showing a slowdown in growth of these emissions compared to the average growth of 1.8% yr(-1) that took place during 2006-2015. Also, for 2015, E-LUC was 1.3 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1), G(ATM) was 6.3 +/- 0.2 GtC yr(-1), S-OCEAN was 3.0 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1), and S-LAND was 1.9 +/- 0.9 GtC yr(-1). G(ATM) was higher in 2015 compared to the past decade (2006-2015), reflecting a smaller S-LAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 399.4 +/- 0.1 ppm averaged over 2015. For 2016, preliminary data indicate the continuation of low growth in E-FF with +0.2% (range of -1.0 to +1.8 %) based on national emissions projections for China and USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. In spite of the low growth of E-FF in 2016, the growth rate in atmospheric CO2 concentration is expected to be relatively high because of the persistence of the smaller residual terrestrial sink (S-LAND) in response to El Nino conditions of 2015-2016. From this projection of E-FF and assumed constant E-LUC for 2016, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach 565 +/- 55 GtC (2075 +/- 205 GtCO(2)) for 1870-2016, about 75% from E-FF and 25% from E-LUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quere et al., 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi: 10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2016). PY 2016 PD NOV SO Earth System Science Data SN 1866-3508 PU Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh VL 8 IS 2 UT 000396242100001 BP 605 EP 649 DI 10.5194/essd-8-605-2016 ID 49401 ER EF