FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI Coastal Sea Level and Related Fields from Existing Observing Systems BT AF Marcos, Marta Wöppelmann, Guy Matthews, Andrew Ponte, Rui M. Birol, Florence ARDHUIN, Fabrice Coco, Giovanni Santamaría-Gómez, Alvaro Ballu, Valerie Testut, Laurent Chambers, Don Stopa, Justin AS 1:1,2;2:3;3:4;4:5;5:6;6:7;7:8;8:9;9:3;10:3;11:10;12:11; FF 1:;2:;3:;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:;9:;10:;11:;12:; C1 IMEDEA(UIB-CSIC), Miquel Marquès, 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain Department of Physics, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain LIENSs, Université de La Rochelle, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France National Oceanography Centre, Joseph Proudman Building, 6 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L3 5DA, UK Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 131 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, MA 02421, USA LEGOS, University of Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Laboratoire dfOceanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, Univ. Brest, 1625 Route de Sainte.Anne, 29280 Plouzane, France Faculty of Science, School of Environment, University of Auckland, Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand GET, Observatoire Midi–Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave S, MSL119, St. Petersburg, FL 33701.5016, USA University of Hawaii, 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 405, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA C2 IMEDEA, SPAIN UNIV ILLES BALEARS, SPAIN UNIV LA ROCHELLE, FRANCE NOC, UK ATMOSPHER & ENVIRONM RES INC, USA UNIV TOULOUSE, FRANCE CNRS, FRANCE UNIV AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND OBSERV MIDI PYRENEES, FRANCE UNIV S FLORIDA, USA UNIV HAWAII, USA UM LOPS IN WOS Cotutelle UMR copubli-france copubli-europe copubli-univ-france copubli-int-hors-europe IF 5.544 TC 28 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00480/59208/84533.pdf LA English DT Article CR NIVMER DE ;Sea-level observations;Tide gauges;Coastal altimetry;GNSS;Wind waves;Ocean bottom pressure;Hydrography AB We review the status of current sea-level observing systems with a focus on the coastal zone. Tide gauges are the major source of coastal sea-level observations monitoring most of the world coastlines, although with limited extent in Africa and part of South America. The longest tide gauge records, however, are unevenly distributed and mostly concentrated along the European and North American coasts. Tide gauges measure relative sea level but the monitoring of vertical land motion through high-precision GNSS, despite being essential to disentangle land and ocean contributions in tide gauge records, is only available in a limited number of stations. (25% of tide gauges have a GNSS station at less than 10 km.) Other data sources are new in situ observing systems fostered by recent progress in GNSS data processing (e.g., GPS reflectometry, GNSS-towed platforms) and coastal altimetry currently measuring sea level as close as 5 km from the coastline. Understanding observed coastal sea level also requires information on various contributing processes, and we provide an overview of some other relevant observing systems, including those on (offshore and coastal) wind waves and water density and mass changes. PY 2019 PD NOV SO Surveys In Geophysics SN 0169-3298 PU Springer Nature VL 40 IS 6 UT 000492421700004 BP 1293 EP 1317 DI 10.1007/s10712-019-09513-3 ID 59208 ER EF