FN Archimer Export Format
PT J
TI Observing Sea States
BT 
AF ARDHUIN, Fabrice
   Stopa, Justin
   Chapron, Bertrand
   Collard, Fabrice
   Husson, Romain
   Jensen, Robert E.
   Johannessen, Johnny
   Mouche, Alexis
   Passaro, Marcello
   Quartly, Graham D.
   Swail, Val
   Young, Ian
AS 1:11;2:2;3:1;4:3;5:4;6:5;7:6;8:1;9:7;10:8;11:9;12:10;
FF 1:;2:;3:PDG-ODE-LOPS-SIAM;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:PDG-ODE-LOPS-SIAM;9:;10:;11:;12:;
C1 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, IUEM, Univ. Brest, Brest, France
   Ocean Resources and Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
   OceanDataLab, Locmaria Plouzane, France
   CLS, Division Radar, Plouzané, France
   United States Army Crops of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, United States
   Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
   Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
   Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
   Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
   University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
   Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, IUEM, Univ. Brest, Brest, France
C2 IFREMER, FRANCE
   UNIV HAWAII MANOA, USA
   OCEANDATALAB, FRANCE
   CLS, FRANCE
   USACE, USA
   NERSC, NORWAY
   UNIV MUNCHEN, GERMANY
   PML, UK
   ENVIRONM & CLIMATE CHANGE CANADA, CANADA
   UNIV MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
   CNRS, FRANCE
SI BREST
SE PDG-ODE-LOPS-SIAM
UM LOPS
IN WOS Ifremer UMR
   WOS Cotutelle UMR
   DOAJ
   copubli-france
   copubli-europe
   copubli-int-hors-europe
IF 5.247
TC 105
UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00489/60090/63432.pdf
LA English
DT Article
DE ;sea state;waves;altimeter;SAR;swell;remote sensing;buoy;microseisms
AB Sea state information is needed for many applications, ranging from safety at sea and on the coast, for which real time data are essential, to planning and design needs for infrastructure that require long time series. The definition of the wave climate and its possible evolution requires high resolution data, and knowledge on possible drift in the observing system. Sea state is also an important climate variable that enters in air-sea fluxes parameterizations. Finally, sea state patterns can reveal the intensity of storms and associated climate patterns at large scales, and the intensity of currents at small scales. A synthesis of user requirements leads to requests for spatial resolution at kilometer scales, and estimations of trends of a few centimeters per decade. Such requirements cannot be met by observations alone in the foreseeable future, and numerical wave models can be combined with in situ and remote sensing data to achieve the required resolution. As today's models are far from perfect, observations are critical in providing forcing data, namely winds, currents and ice, and validation data, in particular for frequency and direction information, and extreme wave heights. In situ and satellite observations are particularly critical for the correction and calibration of significant wave heights to ensure the stability of model time series. A number of developments are underway for extending the capabilities of satellites and in situ observing systems. These include the generalization of directional measurements, an easier exchange of moored buoy data, the measurement of waves on drifting buoys, the evolution of satellite altimeter technology, and the measurement of directional wave spectra from satellite radar instruments. For each of these observing systems, the stability of the data is a very important issue. The combination of the different data sources, including numerical models, can help better fulfill the needs of users. 
PY 2019
PD APR
SO Frontiers In Marine Science
SN 2296-7745
PU Frontiers Media SA
VL 6
IS 124
UT 000465441600001
DI 10.3389/fmars.2019.00124
ID 60090
ER

EF