TY - JOUR T1 - SKIM, a Candidate Satellite Mission Exploring Global Ocean Currents and Waves A1 - Ardhuin,Fabrice A1 - Brandt,Peter A1 - Gaultier,Lucile A1 - Donlon,Craig A1 - Battaglia,Alessandro A1 - Boy,François A1 - Casal,Tania A1 - Chapron,Bertrand A1 - Collard,Fabrice A1 - Cravatte,Sophie A1 - Delouis,Jean Marc A1 - de Witte,Erik A1 - Dibarboure,Gerald A1 - Engen,Geir A1 - Johnsen,Harald A1 - Lique,Camille A1 - Lopez-Dekker,Paco A1 - Maes,Christophe A1 - Martin,Adrien A1 - Marié,Louis A1 - Menemenlis,Dimitris A1 - Nouguier,Frederic A1 - Peureux,Charles A1 - Rampal,Pierre A1 - Ressler,Gerhard A1 - Rio,Marie-Helene A1 - Rommen,Bjorn A1 - Shutler,Jamie D. A1 - Suess,Martin A1 - Tsamados,Michel A1 - Ubelmann,Clement A1 - Van Sebille,Erik A1 - Van Den Oever,Martin A1 - Stammer,Detlef AD - Univ. Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, Brest, France AD - GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany AD - Kiel University, Kiel, Germany AD - OceanDataLab, Brest, France AD - European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands AD - National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom AD - Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France AD - LEGOS, University of Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France AD - Norut Information Technology Ltd., Tromsø, Norway AD - Geoscience and Remote Sensing Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands AD - National Oceanography Center, Southampton, United Kingdom AD - Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States AD - Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway AD - European Space Agency, Frascati, Italy AD - Center for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom AD - Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, Earth Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom AD - Collecte Localisation Satellites, Ramonville Saint Agne, France AD - Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands AD - Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany AD - AD - UR - https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00498/60964/ DO - 10.3389/fmars.2019.00209 KW - ocean current KW - tropics KW - Arctic KW - Doppler KW - altimetry KW - sea state KW - remote sensing KW - ocean waves N2 - The Sea surface KInematics Multiscale monitoring (SKIM) satellite mission is designed to explore ocean surface current and waves. This includes tropical currents, notably the poorly known patterns of divergence and their impact on the ocean heat budget, and monitoring of the emerging Arctic up to 82.5°N. SKIM will also make unprecedented direct measurements of strong currents, from boundary currents to the Antarctic circumpolar current, and their interaction with ocean waves with expected impacts on air-sea fluxes and extreme waves. For the first time, SKIM will directly measure the ocean surface current vector from space. The main instrument on SKIM is a Ka-band conically scanning, multi-beam Doppler radar altimeter/wave scatterometer that includes a state-of-the-art nadir beam comparable to the Poseidon-4 instrument on Sentinel 6. The well proven Doppler pulse-pair technique will give a surface drift velocity representative of the top meter of the ocean, after subtracting a large wave-induced contribution. Horizontal velocity components will be obtained with an accuracy better than 7 cm/s for horizontal wavelengths larger than 80 km and time resolutions larger than 15 days, with a mean revisit time of 4 days for of 99% of the global oceans. This will provide unique and innovative measurements that will further our understanding of the transports in the upper ocean layer, permanently distributing heat, carbon, plankton, and plastics. SKIM will also benefit from co-located measurements of water vapor, rain rate, sea ice concentration, and wind vectors provided by the European operational satellite MetOp-SG(B), allowing many joint analyses. SKIM is one of the two candidate satellite missions under development for ESA Earth Explorer 9. The other candidate is the Far infrared Radiation Understanding and Monitoring (FORUM). The final selection will be announced by September 2019, for a launch in the coming decade. Y1 - 2019/04 PB - Frontiers Media SA JF - Frontiers In Marine Science SN - 2296-7745 VL - 6 IS - 209 ID - 60964 ER -