FN Archimer Export Format
PT J
TI Whitecap and Wind Stress Observations by Microwave Radiometers: Global Coverage and Extreme Conditions
BT 
AF Hwang, Paul A.
   Reul, Nicolas
   Meissner, Thomas
   Yueh, Simon H.
AS 1:1;2:2;3:3;4:4;
FF 1:;2:PDG-ODE-LOPS-SIAM;3:;4:;
C1 Remote Sensing Division, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 ,USA
   Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatial (LOPS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Univ. Brest, CNRS, IRD, Brest, France
   Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA 94501, USA
   Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
C2 NAVAL RES LAB, USA
   IFREMER, FRANCE
   REMOTE SENSING SYST, USA
   JET PROP LAB, USA
SI TOULON
SE PDG-ODE-LOPS-SIAM
UM LOPS
IN WOS Ifremer UMR
   copubli-int-hors-europe
IF 3.318
TC 16
UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00506/61757/65730.pdf
LA English
DT Article
DE ;Wave breaking;Wind stress;Wind waves;Severe storms;Microwave observations;Satellite observations
AB Whitecaps manifest surface wave breaking that impacts many ocean processes, of which surface wind stress is the driving force. For close to a half century of quantitative whitecap reporting, only a small number of observations are obtained under conditions with wind speed exceeding 25 m/s. Whitecap contribution is a critical component of ocean surface microwave thermal emission. In the forward solution of microwave thermal emission, the input forcing parameter is wind speed, which is used to generate the modeled surface wind stress, surface wave spectrum, and whitecap coverage necessary for the subsequent electromagnetic (EM) computation. In this respect, microwave radiometer data can be used to evaluate various formulations of the drag coefficient, whitecap coverage, and surface wave spectrum. In reverse, whitecap coverage and surface wind stress can be retrieved from microwave radiometer data by employing pre-calculated solutions of an analytical microwave thermal emission model that yields good agreement with field measurements. There are many published microwave radiometer datasets covering a wide range of frequency, incidence angle, and both vertical and horizontal polarizations, with maximum wind speed exceeding 90 m/s. These datasets provide information of whitecap coverage and surface wind stress from global oceans and in extreme wind conditions. Breaking wave energy dissipation rate per unit surface area can be estimated also by making use of its linear relationship with whitecap coverage derived from earlier studies. 
PY 2019
PD SEP
SO Journal Of Physical Oceanography
SN 0022-3670
PU American Meteorological Society
VL 49
IS 9
UT 000483556100001
BP 2291
EP 2307
DI 10.1175/JPO-D-19-0061.1
ID 61757
ER

EF