FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI Polar Ocean Observations: A Critical Gap in the Observing System and Its Effect on Environmental Predictions From Hours to a Season BT AF SMITH, Gregory C. ALLARD, Richard BABIN, Marcel BERTINO, Laurent CHEVALLIER, Matthieu CORLETT, Gary CROUT, Julia DAVIDSON, Fraser DELILLE, Bruno GILLE, Sarah T. HEBERT, David HYDER, Patrick INTRIERI, Janet LAGUNAS, Jose LARNICOL, Gilles KAMINSKI, Thomas KATER, Belinda KAUKER, Frank MAREC, Claudie MAZLOFF, Matthew METZGER, E. Joseph MORDY, Calvin O'CARROLL, Anne OLSEN, Steffen M. PHELPS, Michael POSEY, Pamela PRANDI, Pierre REHM, Eric REID, Phillip RIGOR, Ignatius SANDVEN, Stein SHUPE, Matthew SWART, Sebastiaan SMEDSTAD, Ole Martin SOLOMON, Amy STORTO, Andrea THIBAUT, Pierre TOOLE, John WOOD, Kevin XIE, Jiping YANG, Qinghua AS 1:1;2:2;3:3;4:4;5:5,6;6:7;7:8;8:9;9:10;10:11;11:2;12:12;13:13;14:3;15:14;16:15;17:16;18:17,18;19:3,19;20:11;21:2;22:20;23:7;24:21;25:8;26:8;27:14;28:3;29:22;30:23;31:4;32:13,24;33:25,26;34:8;35:27;36:28;37:14;38:29;39:20;40:4;41:30; FF 1:;2:;3:;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:;9:;10:;11:;12:;13:;14:;15:;16:;17:;18:;19:;20:;21:;22:;23:;24:;25:;26:;27:;28:;29:;30:;31:;32:;33:;34:;35:;36:;37:;38:;39:;40:;41:; C1 Environm & Climate Change Canada, Meteorol Res Div, Environm Numer Predict Res Sect, Dorval, PQ, Canada. US Naval Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, Bay St Louis, MS USA. Univ Laval, CNRS, UMI 3376, Takuvik, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. Nansen Environm & Remote Sensing Ctr, Bergen, Norway. Meteo France, Div Marine & Oceanog, Toulouse, France. Univ Toulouse, CNRS, Meteo France, CNRM, Toulouse, France. European Org Exploitat Meteorol Satellites, Darmstadt, Germany. Perspecta Inc, Stennis Space Ctr, Bay St Louis, MS USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Ctr, St John, NF, Canada. Univ Liege, Chem Oceanog Unit, Liege, Belgium. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. NOAA, Phys Sci Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Collette Localisat Satellites, Toulouse, France. Invers Lab, Hamburg, Germany. Arcadis Nederland BV, Zwolle, Netherlands. Ocean Atmosphere Syst, Hamburg, Germany. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Bremerhaven, Germany. CNRS, Lab Oceanog Phys & Spatiale, UMR 6523, IFREMER,IRD,UBO, Piouzane, France. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Danish Meteorol Inst, Copenhagen, Denmark. Bur Meteorol, Hobart, Tas, Australia. Univ Washington, Polar Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Marine Sci, Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Cape Town, Dept Oceanog, Rondebosch, South Africa. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Ctr Maritime Res & Expt, La Spezia, Italy. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Sun Yat Sen Univ, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Climate Change & Nat Disas, Sch Atmospher Sci, Zhuhai, Peoples R China. Polar Predict Project PPP Steering Grp, WWRP, Beijing, Peoples R China. C2 ENVIRONM & CLIMATE CHANGE CANADA, CANADA US NAVAL RES LAB, USA UNIV LAVAL, CANADA NERSC, NORWAY METEO FRANCE, FRANCE UNIV TOULOUSE, FRANCE EUMETSAT, GERMANY PERSPECTA INC, USA MPO, CANADA UNIV LIEGE, BELGIUM UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, USA MET OFF, UK NOAA, USA CLS, FRANCE INVERS LAB, GERMANY ARCADIS NEDERLAND BV, NETHERLANDS OCEAN ATMOSPHERE SYST, GERMANY INST A WEGENER, GERMANY CNRS, FRANCE UNIV WASHINGTON, USA DANISH METEOROL INST, DENMARK BUR METEOROL, AUSTRALIA UNIV WASHINGTON, USA UNIV COLORADO, USA UNIV GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN UNIV CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA NOAA, USA CTR MARITIME RES & EXPT, ITALY WHOI, USA UNIV SUN YAT SEN, CHINA POLAR PREDICT PROJECT PPP STEERING GRP, CHINA UM LOPS IN WOS Cotutelle UMR DOAJ copubli-france copubli-europe copubli-univ-france copubli-int-hors-europe copubli-sud IF 5.247 TC 39 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00512/62379/66650.pdf LA English DT Article DE ;polar observations;operational oceanography;ocean data assimilation;ocean modeling;forecasting;sea ice;air-sea-ice fluxes;YOPP AB There is a growing need for operational oceanographic predictions in both the Arctic and Antarctic polar regions. In the former, this is driven by a declining ice cover accompanied by an increase in maritime traffic and exploitation of marine resources. Oceanographic predictions in the Antarctic are also important, both to support Antarctic operations and also to help elucidate processes governing sea ice and ice shelf stability. However, a significant gap exists in the ocean observing system in polar regions, compared to most areas of the global ocean, hindering the reliability of ocean and sea ice forecasts. This gap can also be seen from the spread in ocean and sea ice reanalyses for polar regions which provide an estimate of their uncertainty. The reduced reliability of polar predictions may affect the quality of various applications including search and rescue, coupling with numerical weather and seasonal predictions, historical reconstructions (reanalysis), aquaculture and environmental management including environmental emergency response. Here, we outline the status of existing near-real time ocean observational efforts in polar regions, discuss gaps, and explore perspectives for the future. Specific recommendations include a renewed call for open access to data, especially real-time data, as a critical capability for improved sea ice and weather forecasting and other environmental prediction needs. Dedicated efforts are also needed to make use of additional observations made as part of the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP; 2017-2019) to inform optimal observing system design. To provide a polar extension to the Argo network, it is recommended that a network of ice-borne sea ice and upper-ocean observing buoys be deployed and supported operationally in ice-covered areas together with autonomous profiling floats and gliders (potentially with ice detection capability) in seasonally ice covered seas. Finally, additional efforts to better measure and parameterize surface exchanges in polar regions are much needed to improve coupled environmental prediction. PY 2019 PD AUG SO Frontiers In Marine Science SN 2296-7745 PU Frontiers Media Sa VL 6 IS 429 UT 000478734500001 DI 10.3389/fmars.2019.00429 ID 62379 ER EF