FN Archimer Export Format
PT J
TI Effects of marine harmful algal blooms on bivalve cellular immunity and infectious diseases: A review
BT 
AF LASSUDRIE DUCHESNE, Malwenn
   HEGARET, Helene
   WIKFORS, Gary H
   MIRELLA DA SILVA, Patricia
AS 1:1;2:2;3:3;4:4;
FF 1:PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-LERBO;2:;3:;4:;
C1 Ifremer, LER-BO, F- 29900, Concarneau, France
   CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
   NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Milford, CT, 0640, USA
   Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba, Brazil
C2 IFREMER, FRANCE
   CNRS, FRANCE
   NOAA, USA
   UNIV FED PARAIBA, BRAZIL
SI CONCARNEAU
SE PDG-ODE-LITTORAL-LERBO
UM LEMAR
IN WOS Ifremer UPR
   WOS Cotutelle UMR
   copubli-france
   copubli-int-hors-europe
   copubli-sud
IF 2.205
TC 35
UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00612/72401/71346.pdf
LA English
DT Article
DE ;Bivalve;Harmful algal blooms (HABs);Pathogen;Hemocyte;Disease
AB Bivalves were long thought to be “symptomless carriers” of marine microalgal toxins to human seafood consumers. In the past three decades, science has come to recognize that harmful algae and their toxins can be harmful to grazers, including bivalves. Indeed, studies have shown conclusively that some microalgal toxins function as active grazing deterrents. When responding to marine Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) events, bivalves can reject toxic cells to minimize toxin and bioactive extracellular compound (BEC) exposure, or ingest and digest cells, incorporating nutritional components and toxins. Several studies have reported modulation of bivalve hemocyte variables in response to HAB exposure. Hemocytes are specialized cells involved in many functions in bivalves, particularly in immunological defense mechanisms. Hemocytes protect tissues by engulfing or encapsulating living pathogens and repair tissue damage caused by injury, poisoning, and infections through inflammatory processes. The effects of HAB exposure observed on bivalve cellular immune variables have raised the question of possible effects on susceptibility to infectious disease. As science has described a previously unrecognized diversity in microalgal bioactive substances, and also found a growing list of infectious diseases in bivalves, episodic reports of interactions between harmful algae and disease in bivalves have been published. Only recently, studies directed to understand the metabolic basis of these interactions have been undertaken. This review compiles evidence from studies of harmful algal effects upon bivalve shellfish that establishes a framework for recent efforts to understand how harmful algae can alter infectious disease, and particularly the fundamental role of cellular immunity, in modulating these interactions. Experimental studies reviewed here indicate that HABs can modulate bivalve-pathogen interactions in various ways, either by increasing bivalve susceptibility to disease or conversely by lessening infection proliferation or transmission. Alteration of immune defense and global physiological distress caused by HAB exposure have been the most frequent reasons identified for these effects on disease. Only few studies, however, have addressed these effects so far and a general pattern cannot be established. Other mechanisms are likely involved but are under-studied thus far and will need more attention in the future. In particular, the inhibition of bivalve filtration by HABs and direct interaction between HABs and infectious agents in the seawater likely interfere with pathogen transmission. The study of these interactions in the field and at the population level also are needed to establish the ecological and economical significance of the effects of HABs upon bivalve diseases. A more thorough understanding of these interactions will assist in development of more effective management of bivalve shellfisheries and aquaculture in oceans subjected to increasing HAB and disease pressures. 
PY 2020
PD JUN
SO Developmental And Comparative Immunology
SN 0145-305X
PU Elsevier
VL 108
UT 000527338800010
DI 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103660
ID 72401
ER

EF