TY - JOUR T1 - Spatial compartmentalization of free radical formation and mitochondrial heterogeneity in bivalve gills revealed by live-imaging techniques A1 - Rivera-Ingraham,Georgina A. A1 - Rocchetta,Iara A1 - Bickmeyer,Ulf A1 - Meyer,Stefanie A1 - Abele,Doris AD - Alfred Wegener Inst, Helmholtz Zentrum Polar & Meeresforsch, Dept Biosci, Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. AD - Univ Montpellier, Grp Fonct AEO, UMR MARBEC 9190, Bat 24 CC092,Pl Eugene Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France. AD - Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn CONICET COMAHUE, CEAN, INIBIOMA, Lab Ecotoxicol Acuat, Junin De Los Andes, Neuquen, Argentina. UR - https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00626/73808/ DO - 10.1186/s12983-016-0137-1 KW - Bivalve KW - Gill KW - Live-imaging KW - Fluorescence KW - Mitochondria KW - ROS KW - RNS N2 - Background: Reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species are produced during normal unstressed metabolic activity in aerobic tissues. Most analytical work uses tissue homogenates, and lacks spatial information on the tissue specific sites of actual ROS formation. Live-imaging techniques (LIT) utilize target-specific fluorescent dyes to visualize biochemical processes at cellular level. Results: Together with oxidative stress measurements, here we report application of LIT to bivalve gills for ex-vivo analysis of gill physiology and mapping of ROS and RNS formation in the living tissue. Our results indicate that a) mitochondria located in the basal parts of the epithelial cells close to the blood vessels are hyperpolarized with high Delta Psi m, whereas b) the peripheral mitochondria close to the cilia have low (depolarized)Delta Psi m. These mitochondria are densely packed (mitotracker Deep Red 633 staining), have acidic pH (Ageladine-A) and collocate with high formation of nitric oxide (DAF-2DA staining). NO formation is also observed in the endothelial cells surrounding the filament blood sinus. ROS (namely H2O2, HOO center dot and ONOO- radicals, assessed through C-H(2)DFFDA staining) are mainly formed within the blood sinus of the filaments and are likely to be produced by hemocytes as defense against invading pathogens. On the ventral bend of the gills, subepithelial mucus glands contain large mucous vacuoles showing higher fluorescence intensities for O-2 is approximately equal to than the rest of the tissue. Whether this O-2 is approximately equal to production is instrumental to mucus formation or serves antimicrobial protection of the gill surface is unknown. Cells of the ventral bends contain the superoxide forming mucocytes and show significantly higher protein carbonyl formation than the rest of the gill tissue. Conclusions: In summary, ROS and RNS formation is highly compartmentalized in bivalve gills under unstressed conditions. The main mechanisms are the differentiation of mitochondria membrane potential and basal ROS formation in inner and outer filament layers, as well as potentially antimicrobial ROS formation in the central blood vessel. Our results provide new insight into this subject and highlight the fact that studying ROS formation in tissue homogenates may not be adequate to understand the underlying mechanism in complex tissues. Y1 - 2016/02 PB - Biomed Central Ltd JF - Frontiers In Zoology SN - 1742-9994 VL - 13 IS - 4 ID - 73808 ER -