FN Archimer Export Format
PT J
TI Variability in the global energy budget and transports 1985–2017
BT 
AF Liu, Chunlei
   Allan, Richard P.
   Mayer, Michael
   Hyder, Patrick
   Desbruyères, Damien
   Cheng, Lijing
   Xu, Jianjun
   Xu, Feng
   Zhang, Yu
AS 1:1,2,9;2:2,3;3:4,7;4:5;5:6;6:8,10;7:1,9;8:1;9:1;
FF 1:;2:;3:;4:;5:PDG-ODE-LOPS-OH;6:;7:;8:;9:;
C1 South China Sea Institute of Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
   Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
   National Centre for Earth Observation, Reading, UK
   European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
   Met Office, Exeter, UK
   Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, Ifremer, University of Brest, CNRS, IRD, Plouzané, France
   Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
   ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
   Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
   Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
C2 UNIV OCEAN CHINA, CHINA
   UNIV READING, UK
   NCEO, UK
   ECMWF, UK
   MET OFFICE, UK
   IFREMER, FRANCE
   UNIV VIENNA, AUSTRIA
   CHINESE ACAD SCI, CHINA
   UNIV SHENZHEN, CHINA
   CHINESE ACAD SCI, CHINA
SI BREST
SE PDG-ODE-LOPS-OH
UM LOPS
IN WOS Ifremer UMR
   copubli-europe
   copubli-int-hors-europe
   copubli-sud
IF 4.375
TC 21
UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00652/76383/77393.pdf
   https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00652/76383/77394.docx
LA English
DT Article
DE ;TOA flux;Net surface flux;Energy transport
AB The study of energy flows in the Earth system is essential for understanding current climate change. To understand how energy is accumulating and being distributed within the climate system, an updated reconstruction of energy fluxes at the top of atmosphere, surface and within the atmosphere derived from observations is presented. New satellite and ocean data are combined with an improved methodology to quantify recent variability in meridional and ocean to land heat transports since 1985. A global top of atmosphere net imbalance is found to increase from 0.10 ± 0.61 W m−2 over 1985–1999 to 0.62 ± 0.1 W m−2 over 2000–2016, and the uncertainty of ± 0.61 W m−2 is related to the Argo ocean heat content changes (± 0.1 W m−2) and an additional uncertainty applying prior to 2000 relating to homogeneity adjustments. The net top of atmosphere radiative flux imbalance is dominated by the southern hemisphere (0.36 ± 0.04 PW, about 1.41 ± 0.16 W m−2) with an even larger surface net flux into the southern hemisphere ocean (0.79 ± 0.16 PW, about 3.1 ± 0.6 W m−2) over 2006–2013. In the northern hemisphere the surface net flux is of opposite sign and directed from the ocean toward the atmosphere (0.44 ± 0.16 PW, about 1.7 ± 0.6 W m−2). The sea ice melting and freezing are accounted for in the estimation of surface heat flux into the ocean. The northward oceanic heat transports are inferred from the derived surface fluxes and estimates of ocean heat accumulation. The derived cross-equatorial oceanic heat transport of 0.50 PW is higher than most previous studies, and the derived mean meridional transport of 1.23 PW at 26° N is very close to 1.22 PW from RAPID observation. The surface flux contribution dominates the magnitude of the oceanic transport, but the integrated ocean heat storage controls the interannual variability. Poleward heat transport by the atmosphere at 30° N is found to increase after 2000 (0.17 PW decade−1). The multiannual mean (2006–2013) transport of energy by the atmosphere from ocean to land is estimated as 2.65 PW, and is closely related to the ENSO variability. 
PY 2020
PD DEC
SO Climate Dynamics
SN 0930-7575
PU Springer Science and Business Media LLC
VL 55
IS 11-12
UT 000570476400003
BP 3381
EP 3396
DI 10.1007/s00382-020-05451-8
ID 76383
ER

EF