TY - JOUR T1 - Abrupt warming and salinification of intermediate waters interplays with decline of deep convection in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea A1 - Margirier,Félix A1 - Testor,Pierre A1 - Heslop,Emma A1 - Mallil,Katia A1 - Bosse,Anthony A1 - Houpert,Loïc A1 - Mortier,Laurent A1 - Bouin,Marie-Noëlle A1 - Coppola,Laurent A1 - D’ortenzio,Fabrizio A1 - Durrieu De Madron,Xavier A1 - Mourre,Baptiste A1 - Prieur,Louis A1 - Raimbault,Patrick A1 - Taillandier,Vincent AD - CNRS-Sorbonne Universités (UPMC Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, UMR 7159, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et de Climatologie (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France AD - IOC UNESCO, Paris, France AD - ENSSMAL, EcosysMarL, 16320, Alger, Algeria AD - Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France AD - National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK AD - ENSTA-Paristech, Laboratoire d’OcéSouthamptonanographie et de Climatologie (LOCEAN), Palaiseau, France AD - CNRM, Universite de Toulouse, Meteo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France AD - Univ. Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Laboratoire d’Oceanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, 29840, Brest, France AD - CNRS-Sorbonne Universités (UPMC Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06), UMR 7093, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche/mer, Paris, France AD - CNRS-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens (CEFREM), Perpignan, France AD - SOCIB, Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System, Palma de Mallorca, Spain UR - https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00663/77507/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-020-77859-5 N2 - The Mediterranean Sea is a hotspot for climate change, and recent studies have reported its intense warming and salinification. In this study, we use an outstanding dataset relying mostly on glider endurance lines but also on other platforms to track these trends in the northwestern Mediterranean where deep convection occurs. Thanks to a high spatial coverage and a high temporal resolution over the period 2007–2017, we observed the warming (+0.06 ∘C year−1) and salinification (+0.012 year−1) of Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) in the Ligurian Sea. These rates are similar to those reported closer to its formation area in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Further downstream, in the Gulf of Lion, the intermediate heat and salt content were exported to the deep layers from 2009 to 2013 thanks to deep convection processes. In 2014, a LIW step of +0.3 ∘C and +0.08 in salinity could be observed concomitant with a weak winter convection. Warmer and more saline LIW subsequently accumulated in the northwestern basin in the absence of intense deep convective winters until 2018. Deep stratification below the LIW thus increased, which, together with the air–sea heat fluxes intensity, constrained the depth of convection. A key prognostic indicator of the intensity of deep convective events appears to be the convection depth of the previous year. Y1 - 2020/12 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC JF - Scientific Reports SN - 2045-2322 VL - 10 IS - 1 ID - 77507 ER -