FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information BT AF STAMMER, Detlef BRACCO, Annalisa ACHUTARAO, Krishna BEAL, Lisa BINDOFF, Nathaniel L. BRACONNOT, Pascale CAI, Wenju CHEN, Dake COLLINS, Matthew DANABASOGLU, Gokhan DEWITTE, Boris FARNETI, Riccardo FOX-KEMPER, Baylor FYFE, John GRIFFIES, Stephen M. JAYNE, Steven R. LAZAR, Alban LENGAIGNE, Matthieu LIN, Xiaopei MARSLAND, Simon MINOBE, Shoshiro MONTEIRO, Pedro M. S. ROBINSON, Walter ROXY, Mathew Koll RYKACZEWSKI, Ryan R. SPEICH, Sabrina SMITH, Inga J. 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C2 UNIV HAMBURG, GERMANY GEORGIA TECH, USA INDIAN INST TECHNOL DELHI, INDIA UNIV MIAMI, USA UNIV TASMANIA, AUSTRALIA CSIRO OCEANS & ATMOSPHERES, AUSTRALIA UNIV PARIS SACLAY, FRANCE CSIRO, AUSTRALIA STATE OCEAN ADM, CHINA UNIV EXETER, UK NCAR NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, USA CEAZA, CHILE UNIV CATOLICA NORTE, CHILE ESMOI, CHILE UNIV TOULOUSE, FRANCE ICTP, ITALY UNIV BROWN, USA ENVIRONM & CLIMATE CHANGE CANADA, CANADA NOAA, USA WHOI, USA UNIV PARIS 06, FRANCE INST RES DEV, FRANCE UNIV OCEAN CHINA, CHINA QNLM, CHINA CSIRO, AUSTRALIA UNIV HOKKAIDO, JAPAN CSIR, SOUTH AFRICA UNIV N CAROLINA STATE, USA INDIAN INST TROP METEOROL, INDIA UNIV SOUTH CAROLINA, USA IPSL, FRANCE UNIV OTAGO, NEW ZEALAND NOAA, USA CMRE, ITALY INST GEOFIS PERU, PERU UNIV BERGEN, NORWAY UNIV PARIS 06, FRANCE IN DOAJ IF 5.247 TC 12 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00675/78724/80996.pdf LA English DT Article CR OISO - OCÉAN INDIEN SERVICE D'OBSERVATION DE ;ocean observing system;ocean climate;earth observations;in situ measurements;satellite observations;ocean modeling;climate information AB Natural variability and change of the Earth's climate have significant global societal impacts. With its large heat and carbon capacity and relatively slow dynamics, the ocean plays an integral role in climate, and provides an important source of predictability at seasonal and longer timescales. In addition, the ocean provides the slowly evolving lower boundary to the atmosphere, driving, and modifying atmospheric weather. Understanding and monitoring ocean climate variability and change, to constrain and initialize models as well as identify model biases for improved climate hindcasting and prediction, requires a scale-sensitive, and long-term observing system. A climate observing system has requirements that significantly differ from, and sometimes are orthogonal to, those of other applications. In general terms, they can be summarized by the simultaneous need for both large spatial and long temporal coverage, and by the accuracy and stability required for detecting the local climate signals. This paper reviews the requirements of a climate observing system in terms of space and time scales, and revisits the question of which parameters such a system should encompass to meet future strategic goals of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), with emphasis on ocean and sea-ice covered areas. It considers global as well as regional aspects that should be accounted for in designing observing systems in individual basins. Furthermore, the paper discusses which data-driven products are required to meet WCRP research and modeling needs, and ways to obtain them through data synthesis and assimilation approaches. Finally, it addresses the need for scientific capacity building and international collaboration in support of the collection of high-quality measurements over the large spatial scales and long time-scales required for climate research, bridging the scientific rational to the required resources for implementation. PY 2019 PD JUN SO Frontiers In Marine Science SN 2296-7745 PU Frontiers Media Sa VL 6 UT 000477973500001 DI 10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 ID 78724 ER EF