FN Archimer Export Format
PT J
TI The intensifying role of high wind speeds on air‐sea carbon dioxide exchange
BT 
AF Gu, Yuanyuan
   Katul, Gabriel G.
   Cassar, Nicolas
AS 1:1,2;2:3,4;3:1,5;
FF 1:;2:;3:;
C1 Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Durham, USA
   College of Oceanography Hohai University Nanjing, China
   Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Box90328 Durham NC ,USA
   Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Duke University Durham NC ,USA
   CNRS ,Univ Brest IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR F‐29280 Plouzané ,France
C2 UNIV DUKE, USA
   UNIV HOHAI, CHINA
   UNIV DUKE, USA
   UNIV DUKE, USA
   CNRS, FRANCE
UM LEMAR
IN WOS Cotutelle UMR
   copubli-int-hors-europe
   copubli-sud
IF 5.576
TC 5
UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00680/79221/81727.pdf
   https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00680/79221/81728.docx
LA English
DT Article
AB While it has been known that wave breaking and bubble generation at high wind speeds enhance air‐sea CO2 exchange rates (F), quantification of their contribution at the global scale remains a formidable challenge. There is urgency to make progress on this issue as a significant uptick in both magnitude and frequency of high wind events (HW) has been documented over the last three decades. Using a wind‐wave dependent expression for gas transfer velocity (k) that explicitly considers bubbles and a widely used wind‐only parameterization, the spatial pattern of k at high winds can be explained by sea surface temperature distribution. The HW, which represent some 3% of wind conditions, contribute disproportionally to the global F (18%) with an increasing trend. Approximately 50% of the global F at high winds is attributed to bubble contribution. The findings are of significance to quantifying CO2 transfer to the ocean interior. Plain Language Summary Studies on air‐sea carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange seek to determine how rapidly CO2 molecules traverse the air‐water interface. This exchange impacts a plethora of processes related to ocean biogeochemistry, oceanic carbon cycling, and CO2 buildup in the atmosphere. At high wind speeds, both conventional aerodynamic transfer processes and bubbles generated by wave breaking are expected to enhance air‐sea CO2 gas exchange. Yet the impact of bubbles in isolation on global and regional CO2 exchange remains a subject of inquiry and speculation. There is some urgency to make progress on this topic because the magnitude and frequency of high wind events (HW) have been steadily increasing over the last three decades. The work here demonstrates that bubbles contribute as much as 50% of CO2 gas exchange under high wind speeds conditions, which rarely occur over the ocean (less than 3% of the time). Yet, HW contribute disproportionally to the global air‐sea CO2 gas exchange (about 18%). 
PY 2021
PD MAR
SO Geophysical Research Letters
SN 0094-8276
PU American Geophysical Union (AGU)
VL 48
IS 5
UT 000627892100043
DI 10.1029/2020GL090713
ID 79221
ER

EF