TY - JOUR T1 - Optimizing surveillance for early disease detection: Expert guidance for Ostreid herpesvirus surveillance design and system sensitivity calculation A1 - Gustafson,Lori A1 - Arzul,Isabelle A1 - Burge,Colleen A. A1 - Carnegie,Ryan B. A1 - Caceres-Martinez,Jorge A1 - Creekmore,Lynn A1 - Dewey,Bill A1 - Elston,Ralph A1 - Friedman,Caroline S. A1 - Hick,Paul A1 - Hudson,Karen A1 - Lupo,Coralie A1 - Rheault,Bob A1 - Spiegel,Kevin A1 - Vásquez-Yeomans,Rebeca AD - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA AD - Laboratoire de Genetique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France AD - Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA AD - Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA AD - Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico AD - Taylor Shellfish Farms, 130 SE Lynch Rd., Shelton, WA, 98584, USA AD - AquaTechnics Inc. PO Box 687, Carlsborg, WA, 98324, USA AD - School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA AD - Sydney School of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570, New South Wales, Australia AD - East Coast Shellfish Growers Association, 1121 Mooresfield Rd., Wakefield, RI, 02879, USA UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105419 DO - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105419 KW - Ostreid herpesvirus KW - Observational surveillance KW - Passive surveillance KW - Early detection KW - System sensitivity KW - Expert elicitation N2 - To keep pace with rising opportunities for disease emergence and spread, surveillance in aquaculture must enable the early detection of both known and new pathogens. Conventional surveillance systems (designed to provide proof of disease freedom) may not support detection outside of periodic sampling windows, leaving substantial blind spots to pathogens that emerge in other times and places. To address this problem, we organized an expert panel to envision optimal systems for early disease detection, focusing on Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), a pathogen of panzootic consequence to oyster industries. The panel followed an integrative group process to identify and weight surveillance system traits perceived as critical to the early detection of OsHV-1. Results offer a road map with fourteen factors to consider when building surveillance systems geared to early detection; factor weights can be used by planners and analysts to compare the relative value of different designs or enhancements. The results were also used to build a simple, but replicable, model estimating the system sensitivity (SSe) of observational surveillance and, in turn, the confidence in disease freedom that negative reporting can provide. Findings suggest that optimally designed observational systems can contribute substantially to both early detection and disease freedom confidence. In contrast, active surveillance as a singular system is likely insufficient for early detection. The strongest systems combined active with observational surveillance and engaged joint industry and government involvement: results suggest that effective partnerships can generate highly sensitive systems, whereas ineffective partnerships may seriously erode early detection capability. Given the costs of routine testing, and the value (via averted losses) of early detection, we conclude that observational surveillance is an important and potentially very effective tool for health management and disease prevention on oyster farms, but one that demands careful planning and participation. This evaluation centered on OsHV-1 detection in farmed oyster populations. However, many of the features likely generalize to other pathogens and settings, with the important caveat that the pathogens need to manifest via morbidity or mortality events in the species, life stages and environments under observation. Y1 - 2021/09 PB - Elsevier BV JF - Preventive Veterinary Medicine SN - 0167-5877 VL - 194 ID - 81495 ER -