TY - JOUR T1 - Analysis of microplastics in drinking water and other clean water samples with micro-Raman and micro-infrared spectroscopy: minimum requirements and best practice guidelines A1 - Schymanski,Darena A1 - Oßmann,Barbara E. A1 - Benismail,Nizar A1 - Boukerma,Kada A1 - Dallmann,Gerald A1 - von Der Esch,Elisabeth A1 - Fischer,Dieter A1 - Fischer,Franziska A1 - Gilliland,Douglas A1 - Glas,Karl A1 - Hofmann,Thomas A1 - Käppler,Andrea A1 - Lacorte,Sílvia A1 - Marco,Julie A1 - El Rakwe,Maria A1 - Weisser,Jana A1 - Witzig,Cordula A1 - Zumbülte,Nicole A1 - Ivleva,Natalia P. AD - Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Joseph-König-Straße 40, 48147, Münster, Germany AD - Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany AD - Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Eggenreuther Weg 43, 91058, Erlangen, Germany AD - Nestle Quality Assurance Center Vittel, 1020 Avenue Georges Clemenceau, 88800, Vittel, France AD - Ifremer, REM/RDT/LDCM, 29280, Plouzané, France AD - SGS Institut Fresenius GmbH, Königsbrücker Landstr. 161, 01109, Dresden, German AD - Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, Munich, Germany AD - Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany AD - Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027, Ispra, Italy AD - Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354, Freising, Germany AD - Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain AD - Danone Waters, 11 Avenue du Général Dupas, 74500, Evian les Bains, France AD - TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany UR - https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00706/81769/ DO - 10.1007/s00216-021-03498-y KW - Microplastic KW - Micro-Raman spectroscopy KW - Mi-(FT)IR spectroscopy KW - Bottled water KW - Drinking water KW - Clean water N2 - Microplastics are a widespread contaminant found not only in various natural habitats but also in drinking waters. With spectroscopic methods, the polymer type, number, size, and size distribution as well as the shape of microplastic particles in waters can be determined, which is of great relevance to toxicological studies. Methods used in studies so far show a huge diversity regarding experimental setups and often a lack of certain quality assurance aspects. To overcome these problems, this critical review and consensus paper of 12 European analytical laboratories and institutions, dealing with microplastic particle identification and quantification with spectroscopic methods, gives guidance toward harmonized microplastic particle analysis in clean waters. The aims of this paper are to (i) improve the reliability of microplastic analysis, (ii) facilitate and improve the planning of sample preparation and microplastic detection, and (iii) provide a better understanding regarding the evaluation of already existing studies. With these aims, we hope to make an important step toward harmonization of microplastic particle analysis in clean water samples and, thus, allow the comparability of results obtained in different studies by using similar or harmonized methods. Clean water samples, for the purpose of this paper, are considered to comprise all water samples with low matrix content, in particular drinking, tap, and bottled water, but also other water types such as clean freshwater. Y1 - 2021/10 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC JF - Analytical And Bioanalytical Chemistry SN - 1618-2642 VL - 413 IS - 24 SP - 5969 EP - 5994 ID - 81769 ER -