FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI Climate change impacts on sea-ice ecosystems and associated ecosystem services BT AF Steiner, Nadja S. Bowman, Jeff Campbell, Karley Chierici, Melissa Eronen-Rasimus, Eeva Falardeau, Marianne Flores, Hauke Fransson, Agneta Herr, Helena Insley, Stephen J Kauko, Hanna M. Lannuzel, Delphine Loseto, Lisa Lynnes, Amanda Majewski, Andy Meiners, Klaus M. Miller, Lisa A. Michel, Loic Moreau, Sebastien Nacke, Melissa Nomura, Daiki Tedesco, Letizia van Franeker, Jan Andries van Leeuwe, Maria A Wongpan, Pat AS 1:1,2,3;2:4;3:5,6;4:7;5:8,9;6:10,11,12,13;7:14;8:15;9:14,16;10:17,18;11:15;12:19;13:20,21;14:22;15:20;16:23,24;17:1;18:25;19:15;20:26;21:27;22:9;23:28;24:29;25:24; FF 1:;2:;3:;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:;9:;10:;11:;12:;13:;14:;15:;16:;17:;18:PDG-REM-EEP-LEP;19:;20:;21:;22:;23:;24:;25:; C1 Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada Canadian Center for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Bristol Glaciology Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland Institute of Integrative Biology and Systems, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada Department of Biology, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada Research Center of the CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO), South Kingstown, RI, USA Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, REM/EEP, Laboratoire Environnement Profond, Plouzané, France Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators, Tromsø, Norway Hokkaido University, Hakodate and Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan WUR, Wageningen Marine Research, Den Helder, the Netherlands Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands C2 MPO, CANADA ENVIRONM & CLIMATE CHANGE CANADA, CANADA UNIV VICTORIA, CANADA UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, USA UNIV ARCTIC UIT NORWAY, NORWAY UNIV BRISTOL, UK IMR, NORWAY UNIV HELSINKI, FINLAND FINNISH ENVIRONM INST SYKE, FINLAND UNIV LAVAL, CANADA UNIV LAVAL, CANADA UNIV LAVAL, CANADA UNIV LAVAL, CANADA INST A WEGENER, GERMANY NORWEGIAN POLAR INST, NORWAY UNIV HAMBURG, GERMANY WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY, CANADA UNIV VICTORIA, CANADA UNIV TASMANIA, AUSTRALIA MPO, CANADA UNIV MANITOBA, CANADA IAATO, USA AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC DIV, AUSTRALIA UNIV TASMANIA, AUSTRALIA IFREMER, FRANCE AECO, NORWAY UNIV HOKKAIDO, JAPAN UNIV WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS UNIV GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS SI BREST SE PDG-REM-EEP-LEP IN WOS Ifremer UPR DOAJ copubli-europe copubli-int-hors-europe IF 4.569 TC 27 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00732/84412/89445.pdf https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00732/84412/89446.pdf LA English DT Article DE ;Sea-ice ecosystems;Ecosystem services;EBSA;Polar regions;Climate change;Marine Protected Area (MPA) AB A rigorous synthesis of the sea-ice ecosystem and linked ecosystem services highlights that the sea-ice ecosystem supports all 4 ecosystem service categories, that sea-ice ecosystems meet the criteria for ecologically or biologically significant marine areas, that global emissions driving climate change are directly linked to the demise of sea-ice ecosystems and its ecosystem services, and that the sea-ice ecosystem deserves specific attention in the evaluation of marine protected area planning. The synthesis outlines (1) supporting services, provided in form of habitat, including feeding grounds and nurseries for microbes, meiofauna, fish, birds and mammals (particularly the key species Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida, and Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, which are tightly linked to the sea-ice ecosystem and transfer carbon from sea-ice primary producers to higher trophic level fish, mammal species and humans); (2) provisioning services through harvesting and medicinal and genetic resources; (3) cultural services through Indigenous and local knowledge systems, cultural identity and spirituality, and via cultural activities, tourism and research; (4) (climate) regulating services through light regulation, the production of biogenic aerosols, halogen oxidation and the release or uptake of greenhouse gases, for example, carbon dioxide. The ongoing changes in the polar regions have strong impacts on sea-ice ecosystems and associated ecosystem services. While the response of sea-ice–associated primary production to environmental change is regionally variable, the effect on ice-associated mammals and birds is predominantly negative, subsequently impacting human harvesting and cultural services in both polar regions. Conservation can help protect some species and functions. However, the key mitigation measure that can slow the transition to a strictly seasonal ice cover in the Arctic Ocean, reduce the overall loss of sea-ice habitats from the ocean, and thus preserve the unique ecosystem services provided by sea ice and their contributions to human well-being is a reduction in carbon emissions. PY 2021 PD OCT SO Elementa-science Of The Anthropocene SN 2325-1026 PU University of California Press VL 9 IS 1 UT 000711362300001 DI 10.1525/elementa.2021.00007 ID 84412 ER EF