FN Archimer Export Format
PT J
TI Global Carbon Budget 2021
BT 
AF FRIEDLINGSTEIN, Pierre
   JONES, Matthew W.
   O'SULLIVAN, Michael
   ANDREW, Robbie M.
   BAKKER, Dorothee C. E.
   HAUCK, Judith
   LE QUERE, Corinne
   PETERS, Glen P.
   PETERS, Wouter
   PONGRATZ, Julia
   SITCH, Stephen
   CANADELL, Josep G.
   CIAIS, Philippe
   JACKSON, Rob B.
   ALIN, Simone R.
   ANTHONI, Peter
   BATES, Nicholas R.
   BECKER, Meike
   BELLOUIN, Nicolas
   BOPP, Laurent
   CHAU, Thi Tuyet Trang
   CHEVALLIER, Frederic
   CHINI, Louise P.
   CRONIN, Margot
   CURRIE, Kim I.
   DECHARME, Bertrand
   DJEUTCHOUANG, Laique M.
   DOU, Xinyu
   EVANS, Wiley
   FEELY, Richard A.
   FENG, Liang
   GASSER, Thomas
   GILFILLAN, Dennis
   GKRITZALIS, Thanos
   GRASSI, Giacomo
   GREGOR, Luke
   GRUBER, Nicolas
   GURSES, Ozgur
   HARRIS, Ian
   HOUGHTON, Richard A.
   HURTT, George C.
   IIDA, Yosuke
   ILYINA, Tatiana
   LUIJKX, Ingrid T.
   JAIN, Atul
   JONES, Steve D.
   KATO, Etsushi
   KENNEDY, Daniel
   KLEIN GOLDEWIJK, Kees
   KNAUER, Jurgen
   KORSBAKKEN, Jan Ivar
   KORTZINGER, Arne
   LANDSCHUTZER, Peter
   LAUVSET, Siv K.
   LEFEVRE, Nathalie
   LIENERT, Sebastian
   LIU, Junjie
   MARLAND, Gregg
   MCGUIRE, Patrick C.
   MELTON, Joe R.
   MUNRO, David R.
   NABEL, Julia E. M. S.
   NAKAOKA, Shin-Ichiro
   NIWA, Yosuke
   ONO, Tsuneo
   PIERROT, Denis
   POULTER, Benjamin
   REHDER, Gregor
   RESPLANDY, Laure
   ROBERTSON, Eddy
   RODENBECK, Christian
   ROSAN, Thais M.
   SCHWINGER, Jorg
   SCHWINGSHACKL, Clemens
   SEFERIAN, Roland
   SUTTON, Adrienne J.
   SWEENEY, Colm
   TANHUA, Toste
   TANS, Pieter P.
   TIAN, Hanqin
   TILBROOK, Bronte
   TUBIELLO, Francesco
   VAN DER WERF, Guido R.
   VUICHARD, Nicolas
   WADA, Chisato
   WANNINKHOF, Rik
   WATSON, Andrew J.
   WILLIS, David
   WILTSHIRE, Andrew J.
   YUAN, Wenping
   YUE, Chao
   YUE, Xu
   ZAEHLE, Sonke
   ZENG, Jiye
AS 1:1,2;2:3;3:1;4:4;5:5;6:6;7:3;8:4;9:7,8;10:9,10;11:11;12:12;13:13;14:14,15;15:16;16:17;17:18;18:19,20;19:21;20:2;21:13;22:13;23:22;24:23;25:24;26:25;27:26,27;28:28;29:29;30:16;31:30;32:31;33:32;34:33;35:34;36:35,36;37:35,36;38:6;39:37;40:38;41:22;42:39;43:10;44:7;45:40;46:19,20;47:41;48:42;49:43;50:12,44;51:4;52:45;53:10;54:20,46;55:47;56:48,49;57:50;58:51,52;59:53;60:54;61:55,56;62:10,57;63:58;64:58,59;65:60;66:61;67:62;68:63;69:64,65;70:66;71:57;72:11;73:20,46;74:9;75:25;76:16;77:56;78:45;79:67;80:68;81:69,70;82:71;83:72;84:13;85:58;86:61;87:11;88:3;89:66;90:73;91:13;92:74;93:57;94:58;
FF 1:;2:;3:;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:;9:;10:;11:;12:;13:;14:;15:;16:;17:;18:;19:;20:;21:;22:;23:;24:;25:;26:;27:;28:;29:;30:;31:;32:;33:;34:;35:;36:;37:;38:;39:;40:;41:;42:;43:;44:;45:;46:;47:;48:;49:;50:;51:;52:;53:;54:;55:;56:;57:;58:;59:;60:;61:;62:;63:;64:;65:;66:;67:;68:;69:;70:;71:;72:;73:;74:;75:;76:;77:;78:;79:;80:;81:;82:;83:;84:;85:;86:;87:;88:;89:;90:;91:;92:;93:;94:;
C1 Univ Exeter, Coll Engn Math & Phys Sci, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, England.
   UPMC X, Lab Meteorol Dynam, ENS, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace,CNRS, Paris, France.
   Univ East Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   CICERO Ctr Int Climate Res, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ East Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Helmholtz Zentrum Polar & Meeresforsch, Alfred Wegener Inst, Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Wageningen Univ, Environm Sci Grp, POB 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Isotope Res, Groningen, Netherlands.
   Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Luisenstr 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Bundesstr 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Exeter, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England.
   CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2101, Australia.
   Univ Paris Saclay, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, IPSL, CEA,CNRS,UVSQ, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Stanford Univ, Woods Inst Environm, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Precourt Inst Energy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NOAA, PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res Atmospher Environm Re, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany.
   Bermuda Inst Ocean Sci, 17 Biological Lane,GEO1, St Georges, Bermuda.
   Univ Bergen, Geophys Inst, Bergen, Norway.
   Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Bergen, Norway.
   Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Marine Inst, Galway, Ireland.
   NIWA, Union Pl West, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Univ Toulouse, CNRM, MeteoFrance, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
   Univ Cape Town, Dept Oceanog, ZA-7701 Cape Town, South Africa.
   CSIR, SOCCO, ZA-7700 Cape Town, South Africa.
   Tsinghua Univ, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China.
   Hakai Inst, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada.
   Univ Edinburgh, Natl Ctr Earth Observat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Schlosspl 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
   North Carolina Sch Sci & Math, Durham, NC USA.
   InnovOceanSite, Flanders Marine Inst VLIZ, Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium.
   European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Environm Phys Grp, Inst Biogeochem & Pollutant Dynam, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Ctr Climate Syst Modeling C2SM, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ East Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Sch Environm Sci, NCAS Climate, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Woodwell Climate Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA.
   Japan Meteorol Agcy, Atmosphere & Ocean Dept, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1058431, Japan.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61821 USA.
   Inst Appl Energy, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1050003, Japan.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam, Terr Sci Sect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept IMEW, Fac Geosci, Copernicus Inst Sustainable Dev, Heidelberglaan 2,POB 80115, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
   GEOMAR Helmholtz Ctr Ocean Res Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   NORCE Norwegian Res Ctr, Jahnebakken 5, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Sorbonne Univ, MNHN, IRD, LOCEAN IPSL Lab,CNRS, Paris, France.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Climate & Environm Phys, Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res, Bern, Switzerland.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA.
   Appalachian State Univ, Res Inst Environm Energy & Econ, Boone, NC 28608 USA.
   Appalachian State Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Boone, NC 28608 USA.
   Univ Reading, Natl Ctr Atmospher Sci, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England.
   Environm & Climate Change Canada, Climate Res Div, Victoria, BC, Canada.
   Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   NOAA, GML, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany.
   Natl Inst Environm Studies, Earth Syst Div, 2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan.
   Meteorol Res Inst, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan.
   Japan Fisheries Res & Educ Agcy, 2-12-4 Fukuura,Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368648, Japan.
   NOAA, AOML, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Leibniz Inst Balt Sea Res Warnemuende IOW, Seestr 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Environm Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Met Off Hadley Ctr, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
   NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, 602 Ducan Dr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.
   CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, POB 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Univ Tasmania, Australian Antarctic Partnership Program, Hobart, Tas, Australia.
   Food & Agr Org United Nat, Stat Div, Via Terme Caracalla, I-00153 Rome, Italy.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Atmospher Sci, Zhuhai 510245, Guangdong, Peoples R China.
   Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Nanjing, Peoples R China.
C2 Univ Exeter, Coll Engn Math & Phys Sci, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, England.
   UPMC X, Lab Meteorol Dynam, ENS, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace,CNRS, Paris, France.
   Univ East Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   CICERO Ctr Int Climate Res, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ East Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Helmholtz Zentrum Polar & Meeresforsch, Alfred Wegener Inst, Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Wageningen Univ, Environm Sci Grp, POB 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Isotope Res, Groningen, Netherlands.
   Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Luisenstr 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Bundesstr 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Exeter, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England.
   CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2101, Australia.
   Univ Paris Saclay, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, IPSL, CEA,CNRS,UVSQ, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Stanford Univ, Woods Inst Environm, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Precourt Inst Energy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NOAA, PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res Atmospher Environm Re, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany.
   Bermuda Inst Ocean Sci, 17 Biological Lane,GEO1, St Georges, Bermuda.
   Univ Bergen, Geophys Inst, Bergen, Norway.
   Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Bergen, Norway.
   Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Marine Inst, Galway, Ireland.
   NIWA, Union Pl West, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Univ Toulouse, CNRM, MeteoFrance, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
   Univ Cape Town, Dept Oceanog, ZA-7701 Cape Town, South Africa.
   CSIR, SOCCO, ZA-7700 Cape Town, South Africa.
   Tsinghua Univ, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China.
   Hakai Inst, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada.
   Univ Edinburgh, Natl Ctr Earth Observat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Schlosspl 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
   North Carolina Sch Sci & Math, Durham, NC USA.
   InnovOceanSite, Flanders Marine Inst VLIZ, Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium.
   European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Environm Phys Grp, Inst Biogeochem & Pollutant Dynam, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Ctr Climate Syst Modeling C2SM, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ East Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Sch Environm Sci, NCAS Climate, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Woodwell Climate Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA.
   Japan Meteorol Agcy, Atmosphere & Ocean Dept, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1058431, Japan.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61821 USA.
   Inst Appl Energy, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1050003, Japan.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam, Terr Sci Sect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept IMEW, Fac Geosci, Copernicus Inst Sustainable Dev, Heidelberglaan 2,POB 80115, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
   GEOMAR Helmholtz Ctr Ocean Res Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   NORCE Norwegian Res Ctr, Jahnebakken 5, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Sorbonne Univ, MNHN, IRD, LOCEAN IPSL Lab,CNRS, Paris, France.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Climate & Environm Phys, Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res, Bern, Switzerland.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA.
   Appalachian State Univ, Res Inst Environm Energy & Econ, Boone, NC 28608 USA.
   Appalachian State Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Boone, NC 28608 USA.
   Univ Reading, Natl Ctr Atmospher Sci, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England.
   Environm & Climate Change Canada, Climate Res Div, Victoria, BC, Canada.
   Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   NOAA, GML, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany.
   Natl Inst Environm Studies, Earth Syst Div, 2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan.
   Meteorol Res Inst, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan.
   Japan Fisheries Res & Educ Agcy, 2-12-4 Fukuura,Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368648, Japan.
   NOAA, AOML, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Leibniz Inst Balt Sea Res Warnemuende IOW, Seestr 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Environm Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Met Off Hadley Ctr, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
   NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, 602 Ducan Dr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.
   CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, POB 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Univ Tasmania, Australian Antarctic Partnership Program, Hobart, Tas, Australia.
   Food & Agr Org United Nat, Stat Div, Via Terme Caracalla, I-00153 Rome, Italy.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Atmospher Sci, Zhuhai 510245, Guangdong, Peoples R China.
   Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Nanjing, Peoples R China.
IN DOAJ
IF 11.4
TC 676
UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00755/86748/92223.pdf
   https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00755/86748/93444.pdf
LA English
DT Article
CR OISO - OCÉAN INDIEN SERVICE D'OBSERVATION
AB Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data-products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gases inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries’ climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1 and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.8 GtC yr−1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021, suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.9 % (4.1 % to 5.7 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra- tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Friedlingstein et al., 2020; Friedlingstein et al., 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, 2018a, 2016, 2015b, 2015a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021). 
PY 2022
PD APR
SO Earth System Science Data
SN 1866-3508
PU Copernicus GmbH
VL 14
IS 4
UT 000787247700001
BP 1917
EP 2005
DI 10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022
ID 86748
ER

EF