TY - JOUR T1 - The extensive transgenerational transcriptomic effects of ocean acidification on the olfactory epithelium of a marine fish are associated with a better viral resistance A1 - Cohen-Rengifo,Mishal A1 - Danion,Morgane A1 - Gonzalez,Anne-Alicia A1 - Bégout,Marie-Laure A1 - Cormier,Alexandre A1 - Noël,Cyril A1 - Cabon,Joëlle A1 - Vitré,Thomas A1 - Mark,Felix C. A1 - Mazurais,David AD - IFREMER, PFOM-ARN, 29280, Plouzané, France AD - Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France AD - MGX, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Biocampus Montpellier, Montpellier, France AD - MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, 34250, Palavas-les-Flots, IRD, France AD - IFREMER, SEBIMER, 29280, Plouzané, France AD - Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany UR - https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00777/88898/ DO - 10.1186/s12864-022-08647-w KW - Anti-viral immunity KW - Betanodavirus KW - Climate change KW - European sea bass KW - Long-term transgenerational ocean acidification KW - Metabolism KW - Neuro-sensory system KW - Olfactory epithelium KW - Transcriptomics N2 - Abstract Background Progressive CO2-induced ocean acidification (OA) impacts marine life in ways that are difficult to predict but are likely to become exacerbated over generations. Although marine fishes can balance acid–base homeostasis efficiently, indirect ionic regulation that alter neurosensory systems can result in behavioural abnormalities. In marine invertebrates, OA can also affect immune system function, but whether this is the case in marine fishes is not fully understood. Farmed fish are highly susceptible to disease outbreak, yet strategies for overcoming such threats in the wake of OA are wanting. Here, we exposed two generations of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to end-of-century predicted pH levels (IPCC RCP8.5), with parents (F1) being exposed for four years and their offspring (F2) for 18 months. Our design included a transcriptomic analysis of the olfactory rosette (collected from the F2) and a viral challenge (exposing F2 to betanodavirus) where we assessed survival rates. Results We discovered transcriptomic trade-offs in both sensory and immune systems after long-term transgenerational exposure to OA. Specifically, RNA-Seq analysis of the olfactory rosette, the peripheral olfactory organ, from 18-months-old F2 revealed extensive regulation in genes involved in ion transport and neuronal signalling, including GABAergic signalling. We also detected OA-induced up-regulation of genes associated with odour transduction, synaptic plasticity, neuron excitability and wiring and down-regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism. Furthermore, OA-exposure induced up-regulation of genes involved in innate antiviral immunity (pathogen recognition receptors and interferon-stimulated genes) in combination with down-regulation of the protein biosynthetic machinery. Consistently, OA-exposed F2 challenged with betanodavirus, which causes damage to the nervous system of marine fish, had acquired improved resistance. Conclusion F2 exposed to long-term transgenerational OA acclimation showed superior viral resistance, though as their metabolic and odour transduction programs were altered, odour-mediated behaviours might be consequently impacted. Although it is difficult to unveil how long-term OA impacts propagated between generations, our results reveal that, across generations, trade-offs in plastic responses is a core feature of the olfactory epithelium transcriptome in OA-exposed F2 offspring, and will have important consequences for how cultured and wild fish interacts with its environment. Y1 - 2022/06 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC JF - Bmc Genomics SN - 1471-2164 VL - 23 IS - 1 ID - 88898 ER -