Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance

Type Article
Date 2022-12
Language English
Author(s) Munk PatrickORCID1, Brinch ChristianORCID1, Duus Møller Frederik1, Petersen Thomas N.1, Hendriksen Rene S.1, Seyfarth Anne Mette1, Kjeldgaard Jette S.1, Svendsen Christina Aaby1, Van Bunnik BramORCID2, 3, Berglund FannyORCID3, Bego Artan5, Power Pablo6, Rees Catherine7, Lambrinidis Dionisia8, Neilson Elizabeth Heather Jakobsen9, Gibb Karen10, Coventry Kris7, Collignon Peter11, Cassar Susan12, Allerberger Franz13, Begum Anowara14, Hossain Zenat Zebin14, Worrell Carlon15, Vandenberg Olivier16, Pieters Ilse17, Victorien Dougnon Tamègnon18, Gutierrez Angela Daniela Salazar19, Soria Freddy19, Grujić Vesna Rudić20, Mazalica Nataša21, Rahube Teddie O.22, Tagliati Carlos Alberto23, Rodrigues Dalia24, Oliveira Guilherme25, de Souza Larissa Camila Ribeiro23, Ivanov Ivan26, Juste Bonkoungou Isidore27, Oumar Traoré27, Sopheak Thet28, Vuthy Yith28, Ngandijo Antoinette29, Nzouankeu Ariane29, Olivier Ziem A. Abah Jacques29, Yost Christopher K.30, Kumar Pratik31, Brar Satinder Kaur32, Tabo Djim-Adjim33, Adell Aiko D.34, Paredes-Osses Esteban35, Martinez Maria Cristina35, Cuadros-Orellana Sara36, Ke Changwen37, Zheng Huanying37, Baisheng Li37, Lau Lok Ting38, Chung Teresa38, Jiao Xiaoyang39, Yu Yongjie40, Jiayong Zhao41, Morales Johan F. Bernal42, Valencia Maria Fernanda42, Donado-Godoy Pilar42, Coulibaly Kalpy Julien43, Hrenovic Jasna44, Jergović Matijana45, Karpíšková Renáta46, Deogratias Zozo Nyarukweba47, Elsborg Bodil48, Hansen Lisbeth Truelstrup49, Jensen Pernille Erland49, Abouelnaga Mohamed50, Salem Mohamed Fathy51, Koolmeister Marliin52, Legesse Mengistu53, Eguale Tadesse53, Heikinheimo Annamari54, Le Guyader Soizick55, Schaeffer Julien55, Villacis Jose Eduardo56, Sanneh Bakary57, Malania Lile58, Nitsche Andreas59, Brinkmann Annika59, Schubert Sara60, Hesse Sina60, Berendonk Thomas U.60, Saba Courage Kosi Setsoafia61, Mohammed Jibril62, Feglo Patrick Kwame63, Banu Regina Ama64, Kotzamanidis Charalampos65, Lytras Efthymios66, Lickes Sergio A.67, Kocsis Bela68, Solymosi Norbert69, Thorsteinsdottir Thorunn R.70, Hatha Abdulla Mohamed71, Ballal Mamatha72, Bangera Sohan Rodney73, Fani Fereshteh74, Alebouyeh Masoud75, Morris Dearbhaile76, O’connor Louise76, Cormican Martin76, Moran-Gilad Jacob77, Battisti Antonio78, Diaconu Elena Lavinia78, Corno Gianluca79, Di Cesare Andrea79, Alba Patricia78, Hisatsune Junzo80, Yu Liansheng80, Kuroda Makoto80, Sugai Motoyuki80, Kayama Shizuo80, Shakenova Zeinegul81, Kiiyukia Ciira82, Ng’eno Eric83, Raka Lul84, Jamil Kazi85, Fakhraldeen Saja Adel85, Alaati Tareq85, Bērziņš Aivars86, Avsejenko Jeļena86, Kokina Kristina86, Streikisa Madara86, Bartkevics Vadims86, Matar Ghassan M.87, Daoud Ziad88, Pereckienė Asta89, Butrimaite-Ambrozeviciene Ceslova89, Penny Christian90, Bastaraud Alexandra91, Rasolofoarison Tiavina92, Collard Jean-Marc91, Samison Luc Hervé, Andrianarivelo Mala Rakoto92, Banda Daniel Lawadi93, Amin Arshana94, Rajandas Heraa95, Parimannan Sivachandran95, Spiteri David96, Haber Malcolm Vella97, Santchurn Sunita J.98, Vujacic Aleksandar99, Djurovic Dijana99, Bouchrif Brahim100, Karraouan Bouchra100, Vubil Delfino Carlos101, Pal Pushkar102, Schmitt Heike103, Van Passel Mark103, Jeunen Gert-Jan104, Gemmell Neil104, Chambers Stephen T.105, Mendoza Fania Perez106, Huete-Pιrez Jorge106, Vilchez Samuel107, Ahmed Akeem Olayiwola108, Adisa Ibrahim Raufu108, Odetokun Ismail Ayoade108, Fashae Kayode109, Sørgaard Anne-Marie110, Wester Astrid Louise110, Ryrfors Pia111, Holmstad Rune111, Mohsin Mashkoor112, Hasan Rumina113, Shakoor Sadia113, Gustafson Natalie Weiler114, Schill Claudia Huber114, Rojas Maria Luz Zamudio115, Velasquez Jorge Echevarria116, Magtibay Bonifacio B.117, Catangcatang Kris118, Sibulo Ruby118, Yauce Felipe Campos116, Wasyl Dariusz119, Manaia Celia120, Rocha Jaqueline120, Martins Jose121, Álvaro Pedro121, Di Yoong Wen Doris122, Shin Hanseob122, Hur Hor-Gil122, Yoon Sukhwan123, Bosevska Golubinka124, Kochubovski Mihail124, Cojocaru Radu125, Burduniuc Olga126, Hong Pei-Ying127, Perry Meghan Rose128, Gassama Amy129, Radosavljevic Vladimir130, Tay Moon Y. F.131, Zuniga-Montanez Rogelio131, Wuertz Stefan131, Gavačová Dagmar132, Pastuchová Katarína132, Truska Peter132, Trkov Marija133, Keddy Karen134, Esterhuyse Kerneels135, Song Min Joon136, Quintela-Baluja Marcos137, Lopez Mariano Gomez138, Cerdà-Cuéllar Marta139, Perera R. R. D. P.140, Bandara N. K. B. K. R. G. W.140, Premasiri H. I.140, Pathirage Sujatha141, Charlemagne Kareem142, Rutgersson Carolin143, Norrgren Leif144, Örn Stefan144, Boss Renate145, Van Der Heijden Tanja146, Hong Yu-Ping147, Kumburu Happiness Houka148, Mdegela Robinson Hammerthon149, Hounmanou Yaovi Mahuton Gildas9, Chonsin Kaknokrat150, Suthienkul Orasa151, Thamlikitkul Visanu152, de Roda Husman Ana Maria153, Bidjada Bawimodom154, Njanpop-Lafourcade Berthe-Marie155, Nikiema-Pessinaba Somtinda Christelle156, Levent Belkis157, Kurekci Cemil158, Ejobi Francis159, Kalule John Bosco159, Thomsen Jens160, Obaidi Ouidiane161, Jassim Laila Mohamed162, Moore Andrew163, Leonard Anne164, Graham David W.165, Bunce Joshua T.165, Zhang Lihong164, Gaze William H.164, Lefor Brett166, Capone Drew167, Sozzi Emanuele168, Brown Joe167, Meschke John Scott168, Sobsey Mark D.169, Davis Michael170, Beck Nicola Koren169, Sukapanpatharam Pardi169, Truong Phuong169, Lilienthal Ronald171, Kang Sanghoon172, Wittum Thomas E.173, Rigamonti Natalia174, Baklayan Patricia174, Van Chinh Dang175, Tran Doan Minh Nguyen175, Do Phuc Nguyen175, Kwenda Geoffrey176, Larsson D. G. JoakimORCID3, Koopmans MarionORCID4, Woolhouse MarkORCID2, Aarestrup Frank M.ORCID1
Affiliation(s) 1 : Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
2 : Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
3 : Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
4 : Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
5 : Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
6 : Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
7 : Melbourne Water Corporation, Melbourne, Australia
8 : Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
9 : University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
10 : Charles Darwin University, Darwin Northern Territory, Australia
11 : Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
12 : ALS Water, Scoresby, Australia
13 : Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
14 : University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
15 : Environmental Protection Department, Bridgetown, St. Michael, Barbados
16 : Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Brussels, Belgium
17 : AQUAFIN NV, Aartselaar, Belgium
18 : Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
19 : Universidad Catσlica Boliviana San Pablo, La Paz, Bolivia
20 : Public Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Faculty of Medicine University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
21 : Public Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
22 : Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
23 : Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
24 : Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
25 : Vale Institute of Technology, Belιm, PA, Brazil
26 : National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
27 : University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
28 : Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
29 : Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundι, Cameroon
30 : University of Regina, Regina, Canada
31 : Eau Terre Environnement Research Centre (INRS-ETE), Quebec City G1K 9A9, Canada and Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu, India
32 : Eau Terre Environnement Research Centre (INRS-ETE), Quebec City G1K 9A9, Canada and Lassonde School of Enginerring, York University, Toronto, Canada
33 : University of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, Chad
34 : Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
35 : Institute of Public Health, Santiago, Chile
36 : Centro de Biotecnologνa de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Talca, Chile
37 : Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
38 : The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
39 : Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
40 : Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
41 : Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Henan province, Zhengzhou, China
42 : Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance - Coipars, CI Tibaitatα, Corporaciσn Colombiana de Investigaciσn Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Tibaitatα - Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
43 : Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
44 : University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
45 : Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
46 : Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
47 : Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro (CRSN-LWIRO), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
48 : BIOFOS A/S, Copenhagen K, Denmark
49 : Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
50 : Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
51 : University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
52 : Ministry of Health, Environmental Microbiology, Tallinn, Estonia
53 : Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
54 : University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
55 : French Institute Search Pour L’exploitation De La Mer (Ifremer), Nantes, France
56 : Instituto Nacional de Investigaciσn en Salud Pϊblica-INSPI (CRNRAM), Galαpagos, Quito, Ecuador
57 : National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kotu, Gambia
58 : National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
59 : Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
60 : Technische Universitδt Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany
61 : University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
62 : University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
63 : Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, PMB, Ghana
64 : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
65 : Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Thermi, Greece
66 : Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP S.A.), Athens, Greece
67 : Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
68 : Semmelweis University, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Budapest, Hungary
69 : University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
70 : University of Iceland, Reykjavνk, Iceland
71 : Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
72 : Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
73 : Apollo Diagnostics, Mangalore, India
74 : Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
75 : Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
76 : National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
77 : Ben Gurion University of the Negev and Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva, Israel
78 : Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
79 : CNR - Water Research Institute, Verbania, Italy
80 : National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
81 : National Center of Expertise, Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan
82 : Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
83 : Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
84 : University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina” & National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo
85 : Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
86 : Institute of Food Safety, Riga, Latvia
87 : American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
88 : Central Michigan University & Michigan Health Clinics, Saginaw, MI, USA
89 : National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
90 : Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
91 : Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
92 : University of Antananarivo, Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mιrieux, Antananarivo, Madagascar
93 : University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
94 : Malaysian Genomics Resource Centre Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
95 : AIMST University, COMBio, Kedah, Malaysia
96 : Water Services Corporation, Luqa, Malta
97 : Environmental Health Directorate, St. Venera, Malta
98 : University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
99 : Institute for Public Health Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
100 : Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
101 : Centro de Investigaηγo em Saϊde de Manhiηa (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
102 : Agriculture and Forestry University, Kathmandu, Nepal
103 : National Institute for Public, Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
104 : University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
105 : University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
106 : University of Central America, Managua, Nicaragua
107 : Universidad Nacional Autσnoma de Nicaragua-Leσn, Leσn, Nicaragua
108 : University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
109 : University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
110 : Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
111 : VEAS, Slemmestad, Norway
112 : University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
113 : Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
114 : Laboratorio Central de Salud Publica, Asuncion, Paraguay
115 : Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
116 : Universidad de Piura, Piura, Peru
117 : WHO Environmental and Occupational Health, Manila, Philippines
118 : Maynilad Water Services, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
119 : National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
120 : Universidade Catσlica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Quνmica Fina - Laboratσrio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
121 : Aguas do Tejo Atlantico, Lisboa, Portugal
122 : Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
123 : Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
124 : institute of Public Health of the Republic of North Macedonia, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
125 : State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
126 : National Agency for Public Health, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
127 : King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
128 : University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
129 : Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
130 : Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
131 : Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
132 : Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
133 : National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Ljubljana, Slovenia
134 : Independent consultant, Johannesburg, South Africa
135 : Daspoort Waste Water Treatment Works, Pretoria, South Africa
136 : Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
137 : School of Veterinary Sciences, Lugo, Spain
138 : Labaqua, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
139 : IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
140 : University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
141 : Medical Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
142 : Caribbean Public Health Agency, Catries, Saint Lucia
143 : The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
144 : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
145 : Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Bern, Switzerland
146 : Ara Region Bern AG, Herrenschwanden, Switzerland
147 : Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
148 : Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
149 : Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
150 : Faculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Thani, Thailand
151 : Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
152 : Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
153 : National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
154 : National Institute of Hygiene, Lomι, Togo
155 : Agence de Médecine Préventive, Dapaong, Togo
156 : Division of Integrated Surveillance of Health Emergencies and Response, Lomι, Togo
157 : Public Health Institution of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
158 : Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
159 : Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
160 : Abu Dhabi Public Health Center, Abu Dhai, United Arab Emirates
161 : Dubai municipality, WWTP Al Aweer, Dubai, UAE
162 : Rashid Hospital, Dubai, UAE
163 : Northumbrian Water, Northumbria House, Abbey Road, Pity Me, Durham, UK
164 : University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall, UK
165 : Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
166 : Brightwater Treatment Plant, Woodinville, WA, USA
167 : Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
168 : University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
169 : University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
170 : Baylor University, Waco, USA
171 : Columbia Boulevard WWTP, Portland, USA
172 : Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, USA
173 : The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
174 : Laboratorio Tecnolσgico del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
175 : Institute of Public Health in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
176 : University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
Source Nature Communications (2041-1723) (Springer Science and Business Media LLC), 2022-12 , Vol. 13 , N. 1 , P. 7251 (16p.)
DOI 10.1038/s41467-022-34312-7
WOS© Times Cited 48
Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention.

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Publisher's official version 16 4 MB Open access
Supplementary Info 34 9 MB Open access
Description of Additional Supplementary Files 1 84 KB Open access
Supplementary Dataset 1, Supplementary Dataset 2 134 KB Open access
Supplementary Dataset 3, Supplementary Dataset 4, Supplementary Dataset 5, Supplementary Dataset 6 2 MB Open access
Reporting Summary 3 335 KB Open access
Author Correction - 10.1038/s41467-023-35890-w 1 327 KB Open access
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Munk Patrick, Brinch Christian, Duus Møller Frederik, Petersen Thomas N., Hendriksen Rene S., Seyfarth Anne Mette, Kjeldgaard Jette S., Svendsen Christina Aaby, Van Bunnik Bram, Berglund Fanny, Bego Artan, Power Pablo, Rees Catherine, Lambrinidis Dionisia, Neilson Elizabeth Heather Jakobsen, Gibb Karen, Coventry Kris, Collignon Peter, Cassar Susan, Allerberger Franz, Begum Anowara, Hossain Zenat Zebin, Worrell Carlon, Vandenberg Olivier, Pieters Ilse, Victorien Dougnon Tamègnon, Gutierrez Angela Daniela Salazar, Soria Freddy, Grujić Vesna Rudić, Mazalica Nataša, Rahube Teddie O., Tagliati Carlos Alberto, Rodrigues Dalia, Oliveira Guilherme, de Souza Larissa Camila Ribeiro, Ivanov Ivan, Juste Bonkoungou Isidore, Oumar Traoré, Sopheak Thet, Vuthy Yith, Ngandijo Antoinette, Nzouankeu Ariane, Olivier Ziem A. Abah Jacques, Yost Christopher K., Kumar Pratik, Brar Satinder Kaur, Tabo Djim-Adjim, Adell Aiko D., Paredes-Osses Esteban, Martinez Maria Cristina, Cuadros-Orellana Sara, Ke Changwen, Zheng Huanying, Baisheng Li, Lau Lok Ting, Chung Teresa, Jiao Xiaoyang, Yu Yongjie, Jiayong Zhao, Morales Johan F. Bernal, Valencia Maria Fernanda, Donado-Godoy Pilar, Coulibaly Kalpy Julien, Hrenovic Jasna, Jergović Matijana, Karpíšková Renáta, Deogratias Zozo Nyarukweba, Elsborg Bodil, Hansen Lisbeth Truelstrup, Jensen Pernille Erland, Abouelnaga Mohamed, Salem Mohamed Fathy, Koolmeister Marliin, Legesse Mengistu, Eguale Tadesse, Heikinheimo Annamari, Le Guyader Soizick, Schaeffer Julien, Villacis Jose Eduardo, Sanneh Bakary, Malania Lile, Nitsche Andreas, Brinkmann Annika, Schubert Sara, Hesse Sina, Berendonk Thomas U., Saba Courage Kosi Setsoafia, Mohammed Jibril, Feglo Patrick Kwame, Banu Regina Ama, Kotzamanidis Charalampos, Lytras Efthymios, Lickes Sergio A., Kocsis Bela, Solymosi Norbert, Thorsteinsdottir Thorunn R., Hatha Abdulla Mohamed, Ballal Mamatha, Bangera Sohan Rodney, Fani Fereshteh, Alebouyeh Masoud, Morris Dearbhaile, O’connor Louise, Cormican Martin, Moran-Gilad Jacob, Battisti Antonio, Diaconu Elena Lavinia, Corno Gianluca, Di Cesare Andrea, Alba Patricia, Hisatsune Junzo, Yu Liansheng, Kuroda Makoto, Sugai Motoyuki, Kayama Shizuo, Shakenova Zeinegul, Kiiyukia Ciira, Ng’eno Eric, Raka Lul, Jamil Kazi, Fakhraldeen Saja Adel, Alaati Tareq, Bērziņš Aivars, Avsejenko Jeļena, Kokina Kristina, Streikisa Madara, Bartkevics Vadims, Matar Ghassan M., Daoud Ziad, Pereckienė Asta, Butrimaite-Ambrozeviciene Ceslova, Penny Christian, Bastaraud Alexandra, Rasolofoarison Tiavina, Collard Jean-Marc, Samison Luc Hervé, Andrianarivelo Mala Rakoto, Banda Daniel Lawadi, Amin Arshana, Rajandas Heraa, Parimannan Sivachandran, Spiteri David, Haber Malcolm Vella, Santchurn Sunita J., Vujacic Aleksandar, Djurovic Dijana, Bouchrif Brahim, Karraouan Bouchra, Vubil Delfino Carlos, Pal Pushkar, Schmitt Heike, Van Passel Mark, Jeunen Gert-Jan, Gemmell Neil, Chambers Stephen T., Mendoza Fania Perez, Huete-Pιrez Jorge, Vilchez Samuel, Ahmed Akeem Olayiwola, Adisa Ibrahim Raufu, Odetokun Ismail Ayoade, Fashae Kayode, Sørgaard Anne-Marie, Wester Astrid Louise, Ryrfors Pia, Holmstad Rune, Mohsin Mashkoor, Hasan Rumina, Shakoor Sadia, Gustafson Natalie Weiler, Schill Claudia Huber, Rojas Maria Luz Zamudio, Velasquez Jorge Echevarria, Magtibay Bonifacio B., Catangcatang Kris, Sibulo Ruby, Yauce Felipe Campos, Wasyl Dariusz, Manaia Celia, Rocha Jaqueline, Martins Jose, Álvaro Pedro, Di Yoong Wen Doris, Shin Hanseob, Hur Hor-Gil, Yoon Sukhwan, Bosevska Golubinka, Kochubovski Mihail, Cojocaru Radu, Burduniuc Olga, Hong Pei-Ying, Perry Meghan Rose, Gassama Amy, Radosavljevic Vladimir, Tay Moon Y. F., Zuniga-Montanez Rogelio, Wuertz Stefan, Gavačová Dagmar, Pastuchová Katarína, Truska Peter, Trkov Marija, Keddy Karen, Esterhuyse Kerneels, Song Min Joon, Quintela-Baluja Marcos, Lopez Mariano Gomez, Cerdà-Cuéllar Marta, Perera R. R. D. P., Bandara N. K. B. K. R. G. W., Premasiri H. I., Pathirage Sujatha, Charlemagne Kareem, Rutgersson Carolin, Norrgren Leif, Örn Stefan, Boss Renate, Van Der Heijden Tanja, Hong Yu-Ping, Kumburu Happiness Houka, Mdegela Robinson Hammerthon, Hounmanou Yaovi Mahuton Gildas, Chonsin Kaknokrat, Suthienkul Orasa, Thamlikitkul Visanu, de Roda Husman Ana Maria, Bidjada Bawimodom, Njanpop-Lafourcade Berthe-Marie, Nikiema-Pessinaba Somtinda Christelle, Levent Belkis, Kurekci Cemil, Ejobi Francis, Kalule John Bosco, Thomsen Jens, Obaidi Ouidiane, Jassim Laila Mohamed, Moore Andrew, Leonard Anne, Graham David W., Bunce Joshua T., Zhang Lihong, Gaze William H., Lefor Brett, Capone Drew, Sozzi Emanuele, Brown Joe, Meschke John Scott, Sobsey Mark D., Davis Michael, Beck Nicola Koren, Sukapanpatharam Pardi, Truong Phuong, Lilienthal Ronald, Kang Sanghoon, Wittum Thomas E., Rigamonti Natalia, Baklayan Patricia, Van Chinh Dang, Tran Doan Minh Nguyen, Do Phuc Nguyen, Kwenda Geoffrey, Larsson D. G. Joakim, Koopmans Marion, Woolhouse Mark, Aarestrup Frank M. (2022). Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance. Nature Communications, 13(1), 7251 (16p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34312-7 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00808/91994/