FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI Effects of the Pandemic on Observing the Global Ocean BT AF Boyer, Tim Zhang, Huai-Min O’Brien, Kevin Reagan, James Diggs, Stephen Freeman, Eric Garcia, Hernan Heslop, Emma Hogan, Patrick Huang, Boyin Jiang, Li-Qing Kozyr, Alex Liu, Chunying Locarnini, Ricardo Mishonov, Alexey V. Paver, Christopher Wang, Zhankun Zweng, Melissa Alin, Simone Barbero, Leticia Barth, John A. Belbeoch, Mathieu Cebrian, Just Connell, Kenneth J. Cowley, Rebecca Dukhovskoy, Dmitry Galbraith, Nancy R. Goni, Gustavo Katz, Fred Kramp, Martin Kumar, Arun Legler, David M. Lumpkin, Rick McMahon, Clive R. Pierrot, Denis Plueddemann, Albert J. Smith, Emily A. Sutton, Adrienne Turpin, Victor Jiang, Long Suneel, V. Wanninkhof, Rik Weller, Robert A. Wong, Annie P. S. AS 1:1;2:1;3:2;4:1;5:3;6:4;7:1;8:5;9:1;10:1;11:4;12:4;13:6;14:1;15:4;16:1;17:7;18:8;19:9;20:10;21:11;22:12;23:7;24:9;25:13;26:1;27:14;28:10;29:4;30:12;31:15;32:16;33:10;34:17;35:10;36:14;37:16;38:9;39:12;40:12;41:18;42:10;43:14;44:19; FF 1:;2:;3:;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:;9:;10:;11:;12:;13:;14:;15:;16:;17:;18:;19:;20:;21:;22:;23:;24:;25:;26:;27:;28:;29:;30:;31:;32:;33:;34:;35:;36:;37:;38:;39:;40:;41:;42:;43:;44:; C1 NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland, and Asheville, North Carolina, and Stennis Space Center, Mississippi; NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, and Cooperative Institute for Climate Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle Washington; Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland, and Asheville, North Carolina, and Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, and Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth Systems Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland; Global Ocean Observing System/Observation Coordination Group, Paris, France; NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland, and Asheville, North Carolina, and Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, and Riverside Inc., Asheville, North Carolina; NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland, and Asheville, North Carolina, and Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, and Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi; U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System, Silver Spring, Maryland; NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington; NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida; Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; OceanOPS, Brest, France; Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts; NOAA/National Center for Environmental Prediction, College Park, Maryland; NOAA/Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, Silver Spring, Maryland; IMOS Animal Tagging, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia; National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India; School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington C2 NOAA, USA NOAA, USA UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, USA NOAA, USA GOOS, FRANCE NOAA, USA NOAA, USA IOOS, USA NOAA, USA NOAA, USA UNIV OREGON STATE, USA OCEANOPS, FRANCE CSIRO OCEANS & ATMOSPHERE, AUSTRALIA WHOI, USA NOAA, USA NOAA, USA SIMS, AUSTRALIA NIO, INDIA UNIV WASHINGTON, USA SI BREST SE OCEANOPS IF 8 TC 3 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00824/93609/100392.pdf LA English DT Article CR OISO - OCÉAN INDIEN SERVICE D'OBSERVATION DE ;Ocean;Climate change;Climate variability;In situ oceanic observations;Climate services;COVID-19 AB The years since 2000 have been a golden age in in situ ocean observing with the proliferation and organization of autonomous platforms such as surface drogued buoys and subsurface Argo profiling floats augmenting ship-based observations. Global time series of mean sea surface temperature and ocean heat content are routinely calculated based on data from these platforms, enhancing our understanding of the ocean’s role in Earth’s climate system. Individual measurements of meteorological, sea surface, and subsurface variables directly improve our understanding of the Earth system, weather forecasting, and climate projections. They also provide the data necessary for validating and calibrating satellite observations. Maintaining this ocean observing system has been a technological, logistical, and funding challenge. The global COVID-19 pandemic, which took hold in 2020, added strain to the maintenance of the observing system. A survey of the contributing components of the observing system illustrates the impacts of the pandemic from January 2020 through December 2021. The pandemic did not reduce the short-term geographic coverage (days to months) capabilities mainly due to the continuation of autonomous platform observations. In contrast, the pandemic caused critical loss to longer-term (years to decades) observations, greatly impairing the monitoring of such crucial variables as ocean carbon and the state of the deep ocean. So, while the observing system has held under the stress of the pandemic, work must be done to restore the interrupted replenishment of the autonomous components and plan for more resilient methods to support components of the system that rely on cruise-based measurements. PY 2023 PD FEB SO Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society SN 0003-0007 PU American Meteorological Society VL 104 IS 2 UT 000932309700002 DI 10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0210.1 ID 93609 ER EF