Diatom data from a marine sediment core give insight on Holocene changes in sea- surface conditions and climate at high southern latitudes off Adelie Land, East Antarctica. The early to mid- Holocene was warmer than the late Holocene with a transition at similar to 4000 calendar years B. P. Sea ice was less present and spring- summer growing season was greater during the warm period relative to the cold one, thus limiting sea ice diatom production and favoring more open ocean diatom to develop. The long- term Holocene climatic evolution in East Antarctica is explained by a combination of a delayed response to local seasonal insolation changes coupled to the long memory of the Southern Ocean. Abrupt variations of the diatom relative abundances, indicating rapid climate changes, are superimposed to the Holocene long- term trends. Spectral analyses calculate robust frequencies at similar to 1600 a ( where "a'' is years), similar to 1250 a, similar to 1050 a, similar to 570 a, similar to 310 a, similar to 230 a, similar to 150 - 125 a, similar to 110 a, similar to 90 a, and similar to 66 a. Such periods are very close to solar activity cyclicities, except for the periods at similar to 310 a and similar to 1250 a, which are close to internal climate variability cyclicities. Wavelet analyses estimate the same periods but indicate nonstationary cyclicities. Rapid climate changes at high southern latitudes may therefore be explained by a combination of external ( solar) and internal ( thermohaline circulation) forcings.