Iron is considered to play a large role in the cycling of Si in Fe-limited regions of the ocean, but little is known about its role in Si biogeochemistry outside these areas. Here, we present published sediment trap data, new nutrient profiles and high resolution sedimentary records (Si isotopes, Biogenic silica%, N% and C%) from the Gulf of California, a non-Fe-limited region, to investigate the history of Si cycling in this highly productive basin. Modern nutrient profiles show that silicic acid in subsurface waters is in excess relative to nitrate and is therefore incompletely utilized during moderate winter upwelling events. Modern data, however, suggest that during intense upwelling episodes, silicic acid is preferentially utilized relative to nitrate by the biota, which we suggest reflects transient iron limitation. Our new delta Si-30 record from the Guaymas Basin shows dramatic variations at millennial timescales. Low delta Si-30 values synchronous with Heinrich events are interpreted as resulting from the decline in Si(OH)(4) utilization at times of decreased upwelling strength, while nearly complete Si(OH)(4) utilization was observed at times of invigorated upwelling and increased opal burial during the Holocene, the Bolling-Allerod and the last glacial period. We attribute the complete utilization of Si(OH)(4) to the occurrence of transient Fe limitation at these times. Our study highlights the importance of Fe limitation on Si and C cycling in coastal upwelling regions and suggests that upwelling dynamics, in combination with Fe availability, have the potential to modulate marine Si distribution and opal burial even at short timescales.