Freshwater and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans

Type Article
Date 2016-03
Language English
Author(s) Carmack E. C.1, Yamamoto-Kawai M.2, Haine T. W. N.3, Bacon S.4, Bluhm B. A.5, Lique CamilleORCID6, 7, Melling H.1, Polyakov I. V.8, Straneo F.9, Timmermans M. -L.10, Williams W. J.1
Affiliation(s) 1 : Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada.
2 : Tokyo Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Tokyo, Japan.
3 : Johns Hopkins Univ, Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD USA.
4 : Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England.
5 : UiT Arct Univ Norway, Dept Marine & Arct Biol, Tromso, Norway.
6 : Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford, England.
7 : Lab Phys Oceans, Plouzane, France.
8 : Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arct Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK USA.
9 : Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA USA.
10 : Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT USA.
Source Journal Of Geophysical Research-biogeosciences (2169-8953) (Amer Geophysical Union), 2016-03 , Vol. 121 , N. 3 , P. 675-717
DOI 10.1002/2015JG003140
WOS© Times Cited 279
Keyword(s) Arctic, oceans, circulation, freshwater, carbon cycle, acidification
Abstract The Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and the ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess the system's key functions and processes: 1) the delivery of fresh and low salinity waters to the Arctic Ocean by river inflow, net precipitation, distillation during the freeze/thaw cycle and Pacific Ocean inflows; 2) the disposition (e.g. sources, pathways and storage) of freshwater components within the Arctic Ocean; and 3) the release and export of freshwater components into the bordering convective domains of the North Atlantic. We then examine physical, chemical or biological processes which are influenced or constrained by the local quantities and geochemical qualities of fresh water; these include: stratification and vertical mixing, ocean heat flux, nutrient supply, primary production, ocean acidification and biogeochemical cycling. Internal to the Arctic the joint effects of sea ice decline and hydrological cycle intensification have strengthened coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere (e.g. wind and ice-drift stresses, solar radiation, heat and moisture exchange), the bordering drainage basins (e.g. river discharge, sediment transport, erosion) and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. Arctic greening, dissolved and particulate carbon loading, altered phenology of biotic components). External to the Arctic freshwater export acts as both a constraint to and a necessary ingredient for deep convection in the bordering subarctic gyres and thus affects the global thermohaline circulation. Geochemical fingerprints attained within the Arctic Ocean are likewise exported into the neighboring subarctic systems and beyond. Finally, we discuss observed and modelled functions and changes in this system on seasonal, annual and decadal time scales, and discuss mechanisms that link the marine system to atmospheric, terrestrial and cryospheric systems.
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Carmack E. C., Yamamoto-Kawai M., Haine T. W. N., Bacon S., Bluhm B. A., Lique Camille, Melling H., Polyakov I. V., Straneo F., Timmermans M. -L., Williams W. J. (2016). Freshwater and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans. Journal Of Geophysical Research-biogeosciences, 121(3), 675-717. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003140 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00313/42460/