3D-printed flow system for determination of lead in natural waters
The development of 3D printing in recent years opens up a vast array of possibilities in the field of flow analysis. In the present study, a new 3D-printed flow system has been developed for the selective spectrophotometric determination of lead in natural waters. This system was composed of three 3D-printed units (sample treatment, mixing coil and detection) that might have been assembled without any tubing to form a complete flow system. Lead was determined in a two-step procedure. A preconcentration of lead was first carried out on TrisKem Pb Resin located in a 3D-printed column reservoir closed by a tapped screw. This resin showed a high extraction selectivity for lead over many tested potential interfering metals. In a second step, lead was eluted by ammonium oxalate in presence of 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR), and spectrophotometrically detected at 520 nm. The optimized flow system has exhibited a linear response from 3 to 120 µg L−1. Detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate were evaluated at 2.7 µg L−1, 5.4% (n=6) and 4 sample h−1, respectively. This flow system stands out by its fully 3D design, portability and simplicity for low cost analysis of lead in natural waters.
Keyword(s)
Lead determination, 3D-printed MPFS system, Stereolithography, Natural waters