Morphological and phylogenetic data do not support the split of Alexandrium into four genera
| Type | Article | ||||||||||||
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| Date | 2020-09 | ||||||||||||
| Language | English | ||||||||||||
| Author(s) | Mertens Kenneth 1, Adachi Masao2, Anderson Donald M.3, Band-Schmidt Christine J.4, Bravo Isabel5, Brosnahan Michael L.3, Bolch Christopher J.S.6, Calado António J.7, Carbonell-Moore M. Consuelo8, Chomérat Nicolas1, Elbrächter Malte9, Figueroa Rosa Isabel5, Fraga Santiago10, Gárate-Lizárraga Ismael11, Garcés Esther12, Gu Haifeng13, Hallegraeff Gustaaf14, Hess Philipp15, Hoppenrath Mona16, Horiguchi Takeo17, Iwataki Mitsunori18, John Uwe19, Kremp Anke20, Larsen Jacob21, Leaw Chui Pin22, Li Zhun23, Lim Po Teen22, Litaker Wayne24, Mackenzie Lincoln25, Masseret Estelle26, Matsuoka Kazumi27, Moestrup Øjvind21, Montresor Marina28, Nagai Satoshi29, Nézan Elisabeth1, 30, Nishimura Tomohiro25, Okolodkov Yuri B.31, Orlova Tatiana Yu.32, Reñé Albert12, Sampedro Nagore12, Satta Cecilia Teodora33, Shin Hyeon Ho34, Siano Raffaele35, Smith Kirsty F.25, Steidinger Karen36, Takano Yoshihito37, Tillmann Urban19, Wolny Jennifer38, Yamaguchi Aika17, Murray Shauna39 |
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| Affiliation(s) | 1 : Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau Cedex, France 2 : Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan 3 : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 4 : Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico 5 : Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain 6 : Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston TAS 7250, Australia 7 : Department of Biology and GeoBioTec Research Unit, University of Aveiro, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal 8 : Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, USA 9 : Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung Sylt, Hafenstr. 43, 25992 List/Sylt, Germany 10 : Praza Mestra Manuela 1, 36340 Nigrán, Spain 11 : Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Apartado Postal 592, Col. Centro, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, Mexico 12 : Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografía, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 13 : Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China 14 : Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia 15 : Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France 16 : Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research, Wilhelmshaven, Germany 17 : Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan 18 : Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan 19 : Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany 20 : Leibniz Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany 21 : Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark 22 : Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia 23 : Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea 24 : CSS Inc. Under contract to NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA 25 : Coastal & Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7042, New Zealand 26 : MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France 27 : C/O Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, 1551-7 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan 28 : Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy 29 : National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan 30 : National Museum of Natural History, DGD-REVE, Station de Biologie Marine de Concarneau, Place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, France 31 : Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías, Laboratorio de Botánica Marina y Planctología, Calle Mar Mediterráneo No. 314, Fracc. Costa Verde, C.P. 94294 Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico 32 : A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Street, 17, Vladivostok 690041, Russia 33 : Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy 34 : Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, Republic of Korea 35 : Ifremer, DYNECO, PELAGOS, F-29280 Plouzané, France 36 : Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8th Avenue SE St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA 37 : Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Japan 38 : Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 1919 Lincoln Drive Annapolis, MD 21401 USA 39 : Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia |
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| Source | Harmful Algae (1568-9883) (Elsevier BV), 2020-09 , Vol. 98 , P. 101902 (8p.) | ||||||||||||
| DOI | 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101902 | ||||||||||||
| WOS© Times Cited | 17 | ||||||||||||
| Keyword(s) | Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, Paraphyletic, Saxitoxin, Spirolides, Harmful algal blooms | ||||||||||||
| Abstract | A recently published study analyzed the phylogenetic relationship between the genera Centrodinium and Alexandrium, confirming an earlier publication showing the genus Alexandrium as paraphyletic. This most recent manuscript retained the genus Alexandrium, introduced a new genus Episemicolon, resurrected two genera, Gessnerium and Protogonyaulax, and stated that: “The polyphyly [sic] of Alexandrium is solved with the split into four genera”. However, these reintroduced taxa were not based on monophyletic groups. Therefore this work, if accepted, would result in replacing a single paraphyletic taxon with several non-monophyletic ones. The morphological data presented for genus characterization also do not convincingly support taxa delimitations. The combination of weak molecular phylogenetics and the lack of diagnostic traits (i.e., autapomorphies) render the applicability of the concept of limited use. The proposal to split the genus Alexandrium on the basis of our current knowledge is rejected herein. The aim here is not to present an alternative analysis and revision, but to maintain Alexandrium. A better constructed and more phylogenetically accurate revision can and should wait until more complete evidence becomes available and there is a strong reason to revise the genus Alexandrium. The reasons are explained in detail by a review of the available molecular and morphological data for species of the genera Alexandrium and Centrodinium. In addition, cyst morphology and chemotaxonomy are discussed, and the need for integrative taxonomy is highlighted.
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