Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats
Type | Article | ||||||||
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Date | 2020-09 | ||||||||
Language | English | ||||||||
Author(s) | Wong Annie P. S.1, Wijffels Susan E.2, Riser Stephen C.1, Pouliquen Sylvie3, Hosoda Shigeki4, Roemmich Dean5, Gilson John5, Johnson Gregory C.6, Martini Kim7, Murphy David J.7, Scanderbeg Megan5, Bhaskar T. V. S. Udaya8, Buck Justin J. H.9, Merceur Frederic3, Carval Thierry3, Maze Guillaume10, Cabanes Cécile10, André Xavier11, Poffa Noe3, Yashayaev Igor12, Barker Paul M.13, Guinehut Stéphanie14, Belbéoch Mathieu15, Ignaszewski Mark16, Baringer Molly O'Neil17, Schmid Claudia17, Lyman John M.6, 18, McTaggart Kristene E.6, Purkey Sarah G.5, Zilberman Nathalie5, Alkire Matthew B.1, Swift Dana1, Owens W. Brechner2, Jayne Steven R.2, Hersh Cora2, Robbins Pelle2, West-Mack Deb2, Bahr Frank2, Yoshida Sachiko2, Sutton Philip J. H.19, Cancouët Romain20, Coatanoan Christine3, Dobbler Delphine3, Juan Andrea Garcia20, Gourrion Jerome21, Kolodziejczyk Nicolas, Bernard Vincent, Bourlès Bernard22, Claustre Hervé23, D'Ortenzio Fabrizio23, Le Reste Serge, Le Traon Pierre-Yves24, Rannou Jean Philippe25, Saout-Grit Carole26, Speich Sabrina27, Thierry Virginie10, Verbrugge Nathalie14, Angel-Benavides Ingrid M., Klein Birgit28, Notarstefano Giulio28, Poulain Pierre-Marie29, Vélez-Belchí Pedro30, Suga Toshio31, Ando Kentaro4, Iwasaska Naoto32, Kobayashi Taiyo4, Masuda Shuhei4, Oka Eitarou33, Sato Kanako4, Nakamura Tomoaki34, Sato Katsunari34, Takatsuki Yasushi34, Yoshida Takashi34, Cowley Rebecca35, Lovell Jenny L.35, Oke Peter R.35, Van Wijk Esmee M.35, 36, Carse Fiona37, Donnelly Matthew9, Gould W. John38, Gowers Katie9, King Brian A.38, Loch Stephen G.9, Mowat Mary39, Turton Jon37, Rama Rao E. Pattabhi8, Ravichandran M.40, Freeland Howard J.41, Gaboury Isabelle42, Gilbert Denis43, Greenan Blair J. W.10, Ouellet Mathieu42, Ross Tetjana41, Tran Anh42, Dong Mingmei44, Liu Zenghong45, Xu Jianping45, Kang Kiryong46, Jo Hyeongjun46, Kim Sung-Dae47, Park Hyuk-Min47 | ||||||||
Affiliation(s) | 1 : School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States 2 : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United States 3 : Ifremer, IRSI, Plouzané, France 4 : Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan 5 : Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States 6 : NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States 7 : Sea-Bird Scientific, Bellevue, WA, United States 8 : Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Hyderabad, India 9 : British Oceanographic Data Centre, National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom 10 : University of Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LOPS, Plouzané, France 11 : Ifremer, RDT-SIIM, Plouzané, France 12 : Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada 13 : School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia 14 : Collecte Localisation Satellites, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France 15 : JCOMMOPS, Plouzané, France 16 : Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center, Monterey, CA, United States 17 : NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States 18 : JIMAR, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States 19 : National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand 20 : Euro-Argo ERIC, Plouzané, France 21 : OceanScope, Plouzané, France 22 : IRD, IMAGO, Technopole Pointe du Diable, Plouzané, France 23 : LOV, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France 24 : Mercator-Océan International, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France 25 : ALTRAN Ouest, Technopole Brest Iroise, Site du Vernis, Brest, France 26 : Glazeo, Nantes, France 27 : LMD-IPSL, Département de Géosciences, ENS, PSL Research University, Paris, France 28 : Bundesamt fuer Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg, Germany 29 : National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, Sgonico, Italy 30 : Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Canary Islands, Spain 31 : Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 32 : Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan 33 : The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 34 : Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan 35 : Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Hobart, TAS, Australia 36 : Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia 37 : Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom 38 : National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom 39 : British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom 40 : National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, India 41 : Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada 42 : Marine Environmental Data Services, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada 43 : Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, QC, Canada 44 : National Marine Data and Information Service, Tianjin, China 45 : State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China 46 : National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo, South Korea 47 : Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, South Korea |
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Source | Frontiers In Marine Science (2296-7745) (Frontiers Media SA), 2020-09 , Vol. 7 , N. 700 , P. 23p. | ||||||||
DOI | 10.3389/fmars.2020.00700 | ||||||||
WOS© Times Cited | 114 | ||||||||
Keyword(s) | global, ocean, pressure, temperature, salinity, Argo, profiling, floats | ||||||||
Abstract | In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed. |
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