Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information
Type | Article | ||||||||
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Date | 2019-07 | ||||||||
Language | English | ||||||||
Author(s) | Stammer Detlef1, Bracco Annalisa![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Affiliation(s) | 1 : Univ Hamburg, Ctr Erdsyst Forsch & Nachhaltigkeit, Hamburg, Germany. 2 : Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. 3 : Indian Inst Technol Delhi, Ctr Atmospher Sci, New Delhi, India. 4 : Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. 5 : Univ Tasmania, Inst Marine & Antarctic Studies, Hobart, Tas, Australia. 6 : CSIRO Oceans & Atmospheres, Hobart, Tas, Australia. 7 : Univ Paris Saclay, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Unite Mixte CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif Sur Yvette, France. 8 : CSIRO, Ctr Southern Hemisphere Oceans Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. 9 : State Ocean Adm, State Key Lab Satellite Ocean Environm Dynam, Inst Oceanog 2, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. 10 : Univ Exeter, Coll Engn Math & Phys Sci, Exeter, Devon, England. 11 : Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Lab, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. 12 : Ctr Estudios Avanzados Zonas Aridas, Coquimbo, Chile. 13 : Univ Catolica Norte, Fac Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol, Coquimbo, Chile. 14 : Millennium Nucleus Ecol & Sustainable Management, Coquimbo, Chile. 15 : Univ Toulouse, LEGOS, IRD, CNES,CNRS,UPS, Toulouse, France. 16 : Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Earth Syst Phys Sect, Trieste, Italy. 17 : Brown Univ, Dept Earth Environm & Planetary Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. 18 : Environm & Climate Change Canada, Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling & Anal, Victroia, BC, Canada. 19 : NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. 20 : Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. 21 : Sorbonne Univ, Lab Oceanog & Climat Expt & Approches Numer, CNRS, IRD,MNHN, Paris, France. 22 : Inst Res Dev, Lab Oceanog & Climate Expt & Numer Approaches, Paris, France. 23 : Ocean Univ China, Inst Adv Ocean Studies, Phys Oceanog Lab, Qingdao, Shandong, Peoples R China. 24 : Qingdao Natl Lab Marine Sci & Technol, Qingdao, Shandong, Peoples R China. 25 : CSIRO, Climate Sci Ctr, Canberra, ACT, Australia. 26 : Hokkaido Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. 27 : CSIR, Southern Ocean Carbon Climate Observ, Cape Town, South Africa. 28 : North Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC USA. 29 : Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Ctr Climate Change Res, Pune, Maharashtra, India. 30 : Univ South Carolina, Sch Earth Ocean & Environm, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. 31 : ENS PSL, IPSL, UMR8539, Lab Meteorol Dynam, Paris, France. 32 : Univ Otago, Dept Phys, Dunedin, New Zealand. 33 : Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. 34 : Ctr Maritime Res & Expt, La Spezia, Italy. 35 : Inst Geofis Peru, Serv Nacl Meteorol & Hidrol Peru, Lima, Peru. 36 : Univ Bergen, Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Bergen, Norway. 37 : Sorbonne Univ, LOCEAN Lab, IRD, IPSL,CNRS,MNHN, Paris, France. |
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Source | Frontiers In Marine Science (2296-7745) (Frontiers Media Sa), 2019-07 , Vol. 6 , P. 444 (18p.) | ||||||||
DOI | 10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 | ||||||||
WOS© Times Cited | 11 | ||||||||
Keyword(s) | ocean observing system, ocean climate, earth observations, in situ measurements, satellite observations, ocean modeling, climate information | ||||||||
Abstract | Natural variability and change of the Earth's climate have significant global societal impacts. With its large heat and carbon capacity and relatively slow dynamics, the ocean plays an integral role in climate, and provides an important source of predictability at seasonal and longer timescales. In addition, the ocean provides the slowly evolving lower boundary to the atmosphere, driving, and modifying atmospheric weather. Understanding and monitoring ocean climate variability and change, to constrain and initialize models as well as identify model biases for improved climate hindcasting and prediction, requires a scale-sensitive, and long-term observing system. A climate observing system has requirements that significantly differ from, and sometimes are orthogonal to, those of other applications. In general terms, they can be summarized by the simultaneous need for both large spatial and long temporal coverage, and by the accuracy and stability required for detecting the local climate signals. This paper reviews the requirements of a climate observing system in terms of space and time scales, and revisits the question of which parameters such a system should encompass to meet future strategic goals of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), with emphasis on ocean and sea-ice covered areas. It considers global as well as regional aspects that should be accounted for in designing observing systems in individual basins. Furthermore, the paper discusses which data-driven products are required to meet WCRP research and modeling needs, and ways to obtain them through data synthesis and assimilation approaches. Finally, it addresses the need for scientific capacity building and international collaboration in support of the collection of high-quality measurements over the large spatial scales and long time-scales required for climate research, bridging the scientific rational to the required resources for implementation. |
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