Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections
Type | Article | ||||||||||||
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Date | 2021-11 | ||||||||||||
Language | English | ||||||||||||
Author(s) | Réveillon Damien![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Affiliation(s) | 1 : Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France 2 : Ifremer, LITTORAL, F-35800 Dinard, France 3 : Ifremer, LITTORAL, F-14520 Port en Bessin, France 4 : LEMAR, Université de Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, F-29280 Plouzané, France 5 : Ifremer, SG2M, Laboratoire LSEM, F-29280 Plouzané, France 6 : Ifremer, SG2M, Laboratoire LGPMM, F-17390 La Tremblade, France 7 : IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-34000 Montpellier, France 8 : Ifremer, Biodivenv, F-97231 Le Robert, France 9 : MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Ifremer, CNRS, F-34000 Montpellier, France |
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Source | Toxins (2072-6651) (MDPI AG), 2021-11 , Vol. 13 , N. 11 , P. 740 (18p.) | ||||||||||||
DOI | 10.3390/toxins13110740 | ||||||||||||
WOS© Times Cited | 11 | ||||||||||||
Note | This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Toxins and Food Safety | ||||||||||||
Keyword(s) | emerging toxins, TTXs, REPHY, REMI, coastal and seafood contamination | ||||||||||||
Abstract | Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potentially lethal paralytic toxins that have been identified in European shellfish over recent years. Risk assessment has suggested comparatively low levels (44 µg TTX-equivalent/kg) but stresses the lack of data on occurrence. Both bacteria and dinoflagellates were suggested as possible biogenic sources, either from an endogenous or exogenous origin. We thus investigated TTXs in (i) 98 shellfish samples and (ii) 122 bacterial strains, isolated from French environments. We optimized a method based on mass spectrometry, using a single extraction step followed by ultrafiltration without Solid Phase Extraction and matrix-matched calibration for both shellfish and bacterial matrix. Limits of detection and quantification were 6.3 and 12.5 µg/kg for shellfish and 5.0 and 10 µg/kg for bacterial matrix, respectively. Even though bacterial matrix resulted in signal enhancement, no TTX analog was detected in any strain. Bivalves (either Crassostrea gigas or Ruditapes philippinarum) were surveyed in six French production areas over 2.5–3 month periods (2018–2019). Concentrations of TTX ranged from ‘not detected’ to a maximum of 32 µg/kg (Bay of Brest, 17 June 2019), with events lasting 2 weeks at maximum. While these results are in line with previous studies, they provide new data of TTX occurrence and confirm that the link between bacteria, bivalves and TTX is complex |
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