Biological responses to change in Antarctic sea ice habitats
| Type | Article | ||||||||
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| Date | 2023-01 | ||||||||
| Language | English | ||||||||
| Author(s) | Swadling Kerrie M.1, 2, Constable Andrew J.3, Fraser Alexander D.2, Massom Robert A.2, 4, 5, Borup Melanie D.1, Ghigliotti Laura6, Granata Antonia7, Guglielmo Letterio8, Johnston Nadine M.9, Kawaguchi So2, 4, Kennedy Fraser1, Kiko Rainer10, Koubbi Philippe11, 12, Makabe Ryosuke13, 14, 15, Martin Andrew16, McMinn Andrew1, 5, Moteki Masato13, 15, Pakhomov Evgeny A.17, Peeken Ilka18, Reimer Jody19, 20, Reid Phillip2, 21, Ryan Ken G.16, Vacchi Marino6, Virtue Patti2, 4, 5, 22, Weldrick Christine K.2, Wongpan Pat2, Wotherspoon Simon J.4 | ||||||||
| Affiliation(s) | 1 : Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia 2 : Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia 3 : Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia 4 : Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Kingston, TAS, Australia 5 : The Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia 6 : Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impacts and the Sustainability of the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council of Italy, Genoa, Italy 7 : Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy 8 : Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy 9 : British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom 10 : GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany 11 : Channel and North Sea Fisheries Research Unit, IFREMER, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France 12 : UFR 918 Terre Environnement et Biodiversité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France 13 : National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tachikawa, Japan 14 : Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa, Japan 15 : Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Japan 16 : School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 17 : Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences and the Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 18 : Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany 19 : Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States 20 : School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States 21 : Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Hobart, TAS, Australia 22 : CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia |
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| Source | Frontiers In Ecology And Evolution (2296-701X) (Frontiers Media SA), 2023-01 , Vol. 10 , P. 1073823 (25p.) | ||||||||
| DOI | 10.3389/fevo.2022.1073823 | ||||||||
| WOS© Times Cited | 7 | ||||||||
| Keyword(s) | Southern Ocean, storms, warming, copepods, fish, primary production, krill, MEASO | ||||||||
| Abstract | Sea ice is a key habitat in the high latitude Southern Ocean and is predicted to change in its extent, thickness and duration in coming decades. The sea-ice cover is instrumental in mediating ocean–atmosphere exchanges and provides an important substrate for organisms from microbes and algae to predators. Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is reliant on sea ice during key phases of its life cycle, particularly during the larval stages, for food and refuge from their predators, while other small grazers, including copepods and amphipods, either live in the brine channel system or find food and shelter at the ice-water interface and in gaps between rafted ice blocks. Fish, such as the Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum, use platelet ice (loosely-formed frazil crystals) as an essential hatching and nursery ground. In this paper, we apply the framework of the Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean (MEASO) to review current knowledge about relationships between sea ice and associated primary production and secondary consumers, their status and the drivers of sea-ice change in this ocean. We then use qualitative network modelling to explore possible responses of lower trophic level sea-ice biota to different perturbations, including warming air and ocean temperatures, increased storminess and reduced annual sea-ice duration. This modelling shows that pelagic algae, copepods, krill and fish are likely to decrease in response to warming temperatures and reduced sea-ice duration, while salp populations will likely increase under conditions of reduced sea-ice duration and increased number of days of >0°C. Differences in responses to these pressures between the five MEASO sectors were also explored. Greater impacts of environmental pressures on ice-related biota occurring presently were found for the West and East Pacific sectors (notably the Ross Sea and western Antarctic Peninsula), with likely flow-on effects to the wider ecosystem. All sectors are expected to be impacted over coming decades. Finally, we highlight priorities for future sea ice biological research to address knowledge gaps in this field. |
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