DOI 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107993 Brisingida Fisher 1928 is one of the seven currently recognised starfish orders, and one of the least known taxa as being exclusive deep-sea inhabitants. Modern deep-sea expeditions revealed their common occurrences in various deep-sea settings including seamounts, basins and hydrothermal vent peripheral, underlining the necessity of clarifying their global diversity and phylogeny. In this study, we present a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Brisingida which encompasses the highest taxonomic diversity to date. DNA sequences (COI, 16S, 12S and 28S) were obtained from 225 specimens collected in the global ocean, identified as 58 species spanning 15 of the 17 extant genera. Phylogenetic relationship was inferred using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, revealing polyphyletic families and genera and indicating nonnegligible bias in prior morphology-based systematics. Based on the new phylogeny, a novel classification of the order, consisting of 5 families and 17 genera, is proposed. Families Odinellidae, Brisingasteridae and Novodiniidae (sensu Clark and Mah, 2001) were resurrected to encompass the genera Odinella, Brisingaster and Novodinia. Brisingidae and Freyellidae were revised to include 11 and 3 genera, respectively. A new genus and species, two new subgenera and seven new combinations are described and a key to each genus and family is provided. Transformations of morphological traits were evaluated under the present phylogenetic hypothesis. A series of paedomorphic characters were found in many genera and species, which led to a high degree of homoplasy across phylogenetically distant groups. Our results provide new insights in the phylogeny and ontogeny of the order, and highlight the necessity to evaluate character convergence under sound phylogenetic hypothesis.
Brisingida, Deep-sea, Systematics, Phylogeny, Character transformations
| File | Pages | Size | Access | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Publisher's official version | 23 | 42 Mo | ||
Supplementary material | - | 192 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree of Brisingida based on the complete dataset. | - | 379 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 2. Character transformations. | - | 505 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 3. Character transformations. | - | 509 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 4. Character transformations. | - | 440 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 5. Character transformations. | - | 541 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 6. Character transformations. | - | 538 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 7. Character transformations. | - | 488 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 8. Character transformations. | - | 469 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 9. Character transformations. | - | 484 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 10. Character transformations. | - | 529 Ko | ||
Supplementary Fig. 11. Interfamilial and intergeneric COI distances in Brisingida. | - | 128 Ko |
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