Sustainable freshwater aquaculture is crucial for food security and economic development in Africa, particularly in North West Africa's less advanced countries. We developed and tested a localized tool to evaluate the sustainability of tilapia farms across diverse agroecological zones in Senegal. The approach involved engaging eight farms in a participatory process to identify context-relevant indicators related to environmental, social, and economic dimensions of tilapia farming. These indicators were scored to create a composite sustainability index.Key sustainability challenges identified included lack of technical support, profitability issues, inadequate environmental management, and social welfare concerns. However, we found promising potential for integrated community-based farms. The sustainability indicators inform policy and practices promoting localized sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa, considering smallholder farms' unique needs and characteristics.These assessments contribute to implementing targeted interventions, improved resource management, and enhanced social and environmental outcomes in the freshwater farming industry. Collaboration and knowledge sharing among stakeholders can significantly contribute to developing sustainable aquaculture practices, though successful implementation requires specific, medium-term practice programs.This research not only aids in implementing targeted interventions and improved resource management in smallholder aquaculture but also has the potential to enhance food security and economic resilience in low-income countries across the region