Inversion models, in the context of oceanography, relate the observed ocean color to the concentrations of the different biogeochemical components present in the water of the ocean. However, building accurate inversion models can be quite complex due to the many factors that can influence the observed ocean color, such as variations in the composition or the optical properties of biogeochemical products. Here we assess the feasibility of the inversion approach, by implementing the three-stream light inversion model in a one-dimensional water column configuration, represented at the BOUSSOLE site in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the model’s skill by perturbing the parameters of the bio-optical properties and phytoplankton physiology. Analysis of the inversion indicates that the model is able to reconstruct the variability of the optical constituents. Results indicate that chlorophyll-a and coloured dissolved organic matter play a major role in light modulation. The sensitivity analysis shows that the parameterization of the ratio of chlorophyll-a to carbon is important for the performance of the inversion model. A coherent inversion model, as presented, can be used as an observational operator to assimilate remote sensing reflectance.