Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment

Type Article
Date 2021-11
Language English
Author(s) Bates Amanda E.1, Primack Richard B.2, Biggar Brandy S.1, Bird Tomas J.3, Clinton Mary E.1, Command Rylan J.4, Richards Cerren1, Shellard Marc5, 6, Geraldi Nathan R.5, 6, Vergara Valeria7, Acevedo-Charry Orlando8, Colon-Pineiro Zuania9, Ocampo David8, Ocampo-Penuela Natalia10, Sanchez-Clavijo Lina M.10, Adamescu Cristian M.11, Cheval SorinORCID12, Racoviceanu TudorORCID11, Adams Matthew D.13, Kalisa Egide13, Kuuire Vincent Z.13, Aditya Vikram14, Anderwald Pia15, Wiesmann Samuel15, Wipf Sonja15, Badihi Gal16, Henderson Matthew G.16, Loetscher Hanspeter17, Baerenfaller Katja18, 19, Benedetti-Cecchi LisandroORCID20, Bulleri Fabio20, Bertocci Iacopo20, Maggi Elena20, Rindi Luca20, Ravaglioli Chiara20, Boerder Kristina21, Bonnel Julien22, Mathias Delphine23, Archambault Philippe24, Chauvaud Laurent25, Braun Camrin D.26, Thorrold Simon R.26, Brownscombe Jacob W.27, Midwood Jonathan D.27, Boston Christine M.27, Brooks Jill L.28, Cooke Steven J.28, China Victor29, Roll Uri29, Belmaker JonathanORCID30, 174, Zvuloni Assaf31, Coll Marta32, 33, Ortega Miquel34, 35, Connors Brendan36, Lacko Lisa36, Jayathilake Dinusha R. M.37, Costello Mark J.38, Crimmins Theresa M.39, Barnett Lorianne39, Denny Ellen G.39, Gerst Katharine L.39, Marsh R. L.39, Posthumus Erin E.39, Rodriguez Reilly39, Rosemartin Alyssa39, Schaffer Sara N.39, Switzer Jeff R.39, Wong Kevin39, Cunningham Susan J.40, Sumasgutner Petra41, Amar Arjun40, Thomson Robert L.40, Stofberg Miqkayla40, Hofmeyr Sally40, Suri Jessleena40, Stuart-Smith Rick D.42, Day Paul B.43, Edgar Graham J.42, Cooper Antonia T.42, de Leo Fabio Cabrera44, 45, Garner Grant45, Des Brisay Paulson G.46, Schrimpf Michael B.47, Koper Nicola47, Diamond Michael S.48, Dwyer Ross G.49, Baker Cameron J.50, Franklin Craig E.50, Efrat RonORCID29, Berger-Tal OdedORCID29, Hatzofe Ohad51, Eguiluz Victor M.52, Rodriguez Jorge P.53, Fernandez-Gracia Juan52, Elustondo DavidORCID54, Calatayud Vicent55, English Philina A.56, Archer Stephanie K.57, Dudas Sarah E.56, Haggarty Dana R.56, Gallagher Austin J.58, Shea Brendan D.58, Shipley Oliver N.58, Gilby Ben L.49, Ballantyne Jasmine49, Olds Andrew D.49, Henderson Christopher J.49, Schlacher Thomas A.49, Halliday William D.59, Brown Nicholas A. W.45, Woods Mackenzie B.45, Balshine Sigal60, Juanes Francis45, Rider Mitchell J.61, Albano Patricia S.61, Hammerschlag Neil61, Hays Graeme C.62, Esteban Nicole63, Pan Yuhang64, He Guojun65, Tanaka Takanao64, Hensel Marc J. S.66, Orth Robert J.66, Patrick Christopher J.66, Hentati-Sundberg Jonas67, Olsson Olof68, Hessing-Lewis Margot L.69, Higgs Nicholas D.70, Hindell Mark A.71, McMahon Clive R.72, Harcourt Rob73, Guinet Christophe74, Hirsch Sarah E.75, Perrault Justin R.75, Hoover Shelby R.75, Reilly Jennifer D.75, Hobaiter Catherine16, Gruber Thibaud76, Huveneers Charlie77, Udyawer Vinay78, Clarke Thomas M.77, Kroesen Laura P.79, Hik David S.79, Cherry Seth G.80, Belluz Justin A. Del Bel81, Jackson Jennifer M.81, Lai ShengjieORCID82, Lamb Clayton T.83, Leclair Gregory D.84, Parmelee Jeffrey R.85, Chatfield Matthew W. H.86, Frederick Cheryl A.86, Lee Sangdon87, Park Hyomin87, Choi Jaein87, Letourneux Frederic88, Grandmont Thierry88, de Broin Frederic Dulude88, Bety Joel89, Gauthier Gilles88, Legagneux Pierre74, 88, Lewis Jesse S.90, Haight Jeffrey91, Liu Zhu92, Lyon Jarod P.93, Hale Robin93, D'Silva Dallas94, Macgregor-Fors Ian95, Arbelaez-Cortes Enrique96, Estela Felipe A.97, Sanchez-Sarria Camilo E.97, Garcia-Arroyo Michelle95, Aguirre-Samboni Giann K.97, Morales Juan C. Franco98, Malamud Shahar30, Gavriel Tal30, Buba Yehezkel30, Salingre Shira30, Lazarus Mai30, Yahel Ruthy31, Ben Ari Yigael31, Miller Eyal31, Sade Rotem31, Lavian Guy31, Birman Ziv31, Gury Manor31, Baz Harel31, Baskin Ilia31, Penn Alon31, Dolev Amit31, Licht Ogen31, Karkom Tabi31, Davidzon Sharon31, Berkovitch Avi31, Yaakov Ofer31, Manenti Raoul99, Mori Emiliano100, Ficetola Gentile Francesco99, Lunghi EnricoORCID101, March David102, Godley Brendan J.102, Martin Cecilia5, 6, Mihaly Steven F.44, Barclay David R.103, Thomson Dugald J. M.103, Dewey Richard44, Bedard Jeannette44, Miller Aroha7, Dearden Amber7, Chapman Jennifer7, Dares Lauren7, Borden Laura7, Gibbs Donna7, Schultz Jessica7, Sergeenko Nikita7, Francis Fiona7, Weltman Amanda7, Moity NicolasORCID104, Ramirez-Gonzalez Jorge104, Mucientes Gonzalo105, Alonso-Fernandez Alexandre105, Namir Itai30, Bar-Massada Avi106, Chen Ron107, Yedvab Shmulik108, Okey Thomas A.109, Oppel Steffen110, Arkumarev Volen111, Bakari Samuel112, Dobrev Vladimir111, Saravia-Mullin Victoria113, Bounas Anastasios113, Dobrev Dobromir111, Kret Elzbieta114, Mengistu Solomon115, 116, Pourchier Cloe117, Ruffo Alazar118, Tesfaye MillionORCID119, Wondafrash Mengistu115, 116, Nikolov Stoyan C.111, Palmer Charles120, Sileci Lorenzo120, Rex Patrick T.121, Lowe Christopher G.121, Peters Francesc122, Pine Matthew K.45, Radford Craig A.123, Wilson Louise123, McWhinnie Lauren124, Scuderi AlessiaORCID125, Jeffs Andrew G.123, Prudic Kathleen L.126, Larrivee Maxim127, McFarland Kent P.128, Solis Rodrigo129, Hutchinson Rebecca A.130, Queiroz Nuno131, Furtado Miguel A.131, Sims David W.132, Southall Emily132, Quesada-Rodriguez Claudio A.133, Diaz-Orozco Jessica P.133, Rodgers Ku'Ulei S.134, Severino Sarah J. L.134, Graham Andrew T.134, Stefanak Matthew P.134, Madin Elizabeth M. P.134, Ryan Peter G.40, Maclean Kyle40, Weideman Eleanor A.40, Kittelberger Kyle D.135, Kusak Josip136, Seminoff Jeffrey A.137, Hanna Megan E.138, Shimada Takahiro139, Meekan Mark G.140, Smith Martin K. S.141, Mokhatla Mohlamatsane M.141, Soh Malcolm C. K.142, Pang Roanna Y. T.142, Ng Breyl X. K.142, Benjamin P. Y-H Lee142, Loo Adrian H. B.142, Er Kenneth B. H.142, Souza Gabriel B. G.ORCID143, Stallings Christopher D.144, Curtis Joseph S.144, Faletti Meaghan E.144, Peake Jonathan A.144, Schram Michael J.144, Wall Kara R.144, Terry Carina2, Rothendler Matt2, Zipf Lucy2, Ulloa Juan Sebastian10, Hernandez-Palma Angelica10, Gomez-Valencia Bibiana10, Cruz-Rodriguez Cristian10, Herrera-Varon Yenifer10, Roa Margarita10, Rodriguez-Buritica Susana10, Ochoa-Quintero Jose Manuel10, Vardi ReutORCID145, Vazquez VictorORCID146, Requena-Mesa Christian147, Warrington Miyako H.148, Taylor Michelle E.149, Woodall Lucy C.150, Stefanoudis Paris, V150, Zhang Xiangliang151, Yang Qiang151, Zukerman Yuval29, Sigal Zehava51, Ayali Amir152, Clua Eric E. G.153, Carzon Pamela153, Seguine Clementine153, Corradini Andrea154, Pedrotti Luca155, Foley Catherine M.134, Gagnon Catherine Alexandra88, Panipakoochoo Elijah156, Milanes Celene B.157, Botero Camilo M.158, Velazquez Yunior R.159, Milchakova Nataliya A.160, Morley Simon A.161, Martin Stephane M.162, Nanni VeronicaORCID163, Otero Tanya164, Wakeling Julia7, Abarro Sarah164, Piou Cyril165, Sobral Ana F. L.166, Soto Eulogio H.167, Weigel Emily G.168, Bernal-Ibanez Alejandro169, Gestoso IgnacioORCID169, Cacabelos Eva169, Cagnacci Francesca170, Devassy Reny P.5, Loretto Matthias-Claudio171, Moraga Paula172, Rutz ChristianORCID173, Duarte Carlos M.ORCID5, 6
Affiliation(s) 1 : Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Ocean Sci, 0 Marine Lab Rd, St John, NF A1K 3E6, Canada.
2 : Boston Univ, Biol Dept, 881 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
3 : Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Ctr, 80 E White Hills Rd, St John, NF A1A 5J7, Canada.
4 : Mem Univ Newfoundland, Sch Ocean Technol, Fisheries & Marine Inst, 155 Ridge Rd, St John, NF A1C 5R3, Canada.
5 : King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Red Sea Res Ctr, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
6 : King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Computat Biosci Res Ctr, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
7 : Ocean Wise Conservat Assoc, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, BC V6B 3X8, Canada.
8 : Inst Invest Recursos Biol Alexander von Humboldt, Villa De Leyva, Boyaca, Colombia.
9 : Univ Florida, Dept Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
10 : Inst Invest Recursos Biol Alexander von Humboldt, Ave Paseo Bolivar 16-20, Bogota, DC, Colombia.
11 : Univ Bucharest, Res Ctr Syst Ecol & Sustainabil, Bucharest 050095, Romania.
12 : Natl Meteorol Adm, Bucharest 013686, Romania.
13 : Univ Toronto, Dept Geog Geomat & Environm, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
14 : Ashoka Trust Res Ecol & Environm, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
15 : Swiss Natl Pk, Runatsch 12, CH-7530 Zernez, Switzerland.
16 : Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, Origins Mind, St Andrews KY16 9JP, KY, Scotland.
17 : Off Nat & Environm Grisons, Ringstr 10, CH-7001 Chur, Switzerland.
18 : Univ Zurich, Swiss Inst Allergy & Asthma Res SIAF, CH-7265 Davos, Switzerland.
19 : Swiss Inst Bioinformat SIB, CH-7265 Davos, Switzerland.
20 : Univ Pisa, Dept Biol, Via Derna 1, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
21 : Dalhousie Univ, Biol Dept, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
22 : Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Appl Ocean Phys & Engn Dept, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
23 : Soc Observat Multimodale Environm, 115 Rue Claude Chappe, F-29280 Plouzan, France.
24 : Univ Laval, Quebec Ocean, Dept Biol, ArcticNet, 2325 Rue Univ, Quebec City, PQ G1V 0A6, Canada.
25 : UBO, Lab Sci Environm Marin LEMAR, UMR 6539 CNRS, IRD,Ifremer,Inst Univ Europeen Mer IUEM,LIA BeBES, Rue Dumt DUrville, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
26 : Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Biol Dept, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
27 : Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Great Lakes Lab Fisheries & Aquat Sci, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
28 : Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Fish Ecol & Conservat Physiol Lab, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
29 : Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Jacob Blaustein Inst Desert Res, Mitrani Dept Desert Ecol, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel.
30 : Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Life Sci, Sch Zool, POB 39040, IL-6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel.
31 : Israel Nat & Pk Author, VOlamo 3, IL-95463 Jerusalem, Israel.
32 : Inst Marine Sci CSIC, Passeig Maritim Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
33 : Ecopath Int Initiat EII, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
34 : Fundacio ENT, Carrer Josep Llanza 1-7,2-3 Vilanova & Geltru, Barcelona 08800, Spain.
35 : Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Ambiental, Bellaterra 08193, Cerdanyola Del, Spain.
36 : Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Quantitat Assessment Methods Sect, Stock Assessment & Res Div, 401 Burrard St,Suite 200, Vancouver, BC V6C 3L6, Canada.
37 : Univ Auckland, Sch Environm, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
38 : Nord Univ, Fac Biosci & Aquaculture, N-1049 Bodo, Norway.
39 : Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, USA Natl Phenol Network, 1200 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
40 : Univ Cape Town, FitzPatrick Inst African Ornithol, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
41 : Univ Vienna, Core Facil Konrad Lorenz Res Ctr Behav & Cognit, Fischerau 11, A-4645 Grunau Im Almtal, Austria.
42 : Univ Tasmania, Inst Marine & Antarctic Studies, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
43 : Carijoa Marine Environm Consulting, 29 Sydenham St, Perth, WA 6103, Australia.
44 : Univ Victoria, Ocean Networks Canada, Queenswood Campus,2474 Arbutus Rd, Victoria, BC V8N 1V8, Canada.
45 : Univ Victoria, Dept Biol, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
46 : Environm & Climate Change Canada, 150-123 Main St, Winnipeg, MB R3C 4W2, Canada.
47 : Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
48 : Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
49 : Univ Sunshine Coast, Sch Sci & Engn, Maroochydore, Qld 4558, Australia.
50 : Univ Queensland, Sch Biol Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
51 : Israel Nat & Pk Author, Sci Div, VOlamo 3, IL-95463 Jerusalem, Israel.
52 : Inst Fis Interdisciplinar & Sistemas Complejos IF, E-07122 Palma De Mallorca, Spain.
53 : Inst Mediterraneo Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA CSIC, Esporles 07190, Spain.
54 : Univ Navarra, Inst Biodiversidad & Medioambiente BIOMA, Pamplona 31080, Spain.
55 : Fdn CEAM, C Charles R Darwin 14,Parque Tecnol, Valencia 46980, Spain.
56 : Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada.
57 : Louisiana Univ Marine Consortium, 8124 LA-56, Chauvin, LA 70344 USA.
58 : Beneath Waves, POB 126, Herndon, VA 20172 USA.
59 : Wildlife Conservat Soc Canada, POB 606,202 B Ave, Kaslo, BC V0G 1M0, Canada.
60 : McMaster Univ, Dept Psychol Neurosci & Behav, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
61 : Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 1320 S Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA.
62 : Deakin Univ, 75 Pigdons Rd, Geelong, Vic, Australia.
63 : Swansea Univ, Dept Biosci, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales.
64 : Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Div Social Sci, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
65 : Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Div Environm & Sustainabil, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
66 : Coll William & Mary, Sadler Ctr, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, 200 Stadium Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA.
67 : Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Aquat Resources, Turistgatan 5, S-45330 Lysekil, Sweden.
68 : Stockholm Univ, Stockholm Resilience Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
69 : Hakai Inst, Calvert Isl, BC V0P 1H0, Canada.
70 : Cape Eleuthera Isl Sch, Cape Eleuthera Inst, POB EL-26029, Rock Sound, Eleuthera, Bahamas.
71 : Univ Tasmania, Inst Marine & Antarctic Studies, Hobart, Tas 7005, Australia.
72 : Sydney Inst Marine Sci, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia.
73 : Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Balaclava Rd, Macquarie Pk, NSW 2109, Australia.
74 : La Rochelle Univ, Stn Ecol Chize, CNRS UMR7372, Ctr Etud Biol Chize, Villiers En Bois, France.
75 : Loggerhead Marinelife Ctr, 14200 US-1, Juno Beach, FL 33408 USA.
76 : Swiss Ctr Affect Sci, Fac Psychol & Educ Sci, Chemin Mines 9, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
77 : Flinders Univ S Australia, Coll Sci & Engn, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
78 : Australian Inst Marine Sci, Arafura Timor Res Facil, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia.
79 : Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 8888 Univ Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
80 : Pk Canada Agcy, 5420 Highway 93, Radium Hot Springs, BC V0A 1M0, Canada.
81 : Hakai Inst, Victoria, BC V8W 1V8, Canada.
82 : Univ Southampton, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, WorldPop, Hartley Lib B12,Univ Rd, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
83 : Univ British Columbia, Dept Biol, 3333 Univ Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
84 : Univ Maine, 168 Coll Ave, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
85 : Univ New England, Dept Biol, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA.
86 : Ctr Wildlife Studies, North Yarmouth, ME 04097 USA.
87 : Ewha Womans Univ, 52 Ewhayeodae Gil, Seoul, South Korea.
88 : Univ Laval, Dept Biol, Ctr Etud Nordiques, 2325 Rue Univ, Quebec City, PQ G1V 0A6, Canada.
89 : Univ Quebec Rimouski, Ctr Etud Nordiques, Dept Biol, 300 Allee Ursulines, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada.
90 : Arizona State Univ, Coll Integrat Sci & Arts, Mesa, AZ 85212 USA.
91 : Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, 1151 S Forest Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA.
92 : Tsinghua Univ, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
93 : Arthur Rylah Inst Environm Res, Dept Environm Land Water & Planning, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia.
94 : Victorian Fisheries Author, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia.
95 : Univ Helsinki, Fac Biol & Environm Sci, Ecosyst & Environm Res Programme, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland.
96 : Univ Ind Santander, Escuela Biol, Grp Estudios Biodiversidad, Ciudad Univ Carrera 27 Calle 9, Santander, Colombia.
97 : Pontificia Univ Javeriana Cali, Dept Ciencias Nat & Matemat, Cl 18 118-250, Cali, Valle Del Cauca, Colombia.
98 : Univ Autanoma Occidente, Fac Ciencias Basicas, Calle 25,Via Cali Puerto Tejada 115-85 Km 2, Cali, Valle Del Cauca, Colombia.
99 : Univ Milan, Dipartimento Sci & Polit Ambientali, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
100 : CNR, Ist Ric Ecosistemi Terr, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
101 : Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beichen West Rd 1, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
102 : Univ Exeter, Ctr Ecol & Conservat, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, England.
103 : Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B4H 4R2, Canada.
104 : Charles Darwin Fdn, Charles Darwin Res Stn, Av Charles Darwin, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador.
105 : Inst Invest Marinas IIM CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, Vigo 36208, Spain.
106 : Univ Haifa, Dept Biol & Environm, IL-36006 Tivon, Israel.
107 : Tel Aviv Univ, Steinhardt Museum Nat Hist, Hamaarag, POB 39040, IL-6139001 Tel Aviv, Israel.
108 : Soc Protect Nat Israel, Mammal Ctr, Tel Aviv, Israel.
109 : Univ Victoria, Sch Environm Studies, POB 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
110 : Royal Soc Protect Birds, RSPB Ctr Conservat Sci, Cambridge, England.
111 : Bulgarian Soc Protect Birds, Sofia, Bulgaria.
112 : Africa Partnership Secretariat, BirdLife Int, Nairobi, Kenya.
113 : Hellen Ornithol Soc, Athens, Greece.
114 : WWF Greece, Athens, Greece.
115 : Ethiopia Wildlife & Nat Hist Soc, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
116 : Dilla Univ, Nat & Computat Sci, Dept Biol, POB 419, Dilla, Ethiopia.
117 : Sahara Conservat Fund, Niamey, Niger.
118 : Addis Ababa Univ, Fac Nat Sci, Dept Zool Sci, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
119 : Hawassa Univ, Shashemene, Ethiopia.
120 : London Sch Econ & Polit Sci, Dept Geog & Environm, London, England.
121 : Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA.
122 : Inst Marine Sci CSIC, Pg Maritim Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Catalunya, Spain.
123 : Univ Auckland, Inst Marine Sci, Auckland, New Zealand.
124 : Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Energy Geosci Infrastruct & Soc, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.
125 : Univ Cadiz, Marine & Environm Sci Fac, Cadiz, Spain.
126 : Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Tucson, AZ USA.
127 : Insectarium, Montreal Space Life, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
128 : Vermont Ctr Ecostudies, Norwich, VT USA.
129 : Simon Fraser Univ, Resource & Environm Management, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
130 : Oregon State Univ, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
131 : Univ Porto, Ctr Invest Biodiversidade & Recursos Genet, Res Network Biodivers & Evolutionary Biol, Campus Agr Vairao, P-4485668 Vairao, Portugal.
132 : Marine Biol Assoc UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England.
133 : Ecol Project Int, Pacuare Reserve, Limon, Costa Rica.
134 : Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA.
135 : Univ Utah, Sch Biol Sci, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
136 : Univ Zagreb, Vet Fac, Dept Vet Biol, Zagreb, Croatia.
137 : NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8901 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
138 : Scripps Inst Oceanog, 8622 Kennel Way, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
139 : King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Red Sea Res Ctr RSRC, Thuwal 239556900, Saudi Arabia.
140 : Univ Western Australia, Indian Ocean Marine Res Ctr M096, Australian Inst Marine Sci, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
141 : South African Natl Pk, Rondevlei Sci Serv, ZA-6570 Garden Route, South Africa.
142 : Natl Pk Board, Singapore Bot Gardens, 1 Cluny Rd, Singapore 259569, Singapore.
143 : Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Postgrad Program Ecol, Av Pedro Calmon 550,Cidade Univ, BR-21941901 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
144 : Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA.
145 : Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Albert Katz Int Sch Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Inst Desert Res, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel.
146 : Coccosphere Environm Anal, Dept Res & Dev, C Cruz 39, Malaga 29120, Spain.
147 : Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Dept Biogeochem Integrat, Hans Knoll Str 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
148 : Univ Manitoba, Nat Resources Inst, 317 Sinnott Bldg,70 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M6, Canada.
149 : Bangor Univ, Sch Ocean Sci, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, Anglesey, Wales.
150 : Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Zool Res & Adm Bldg,11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, England.
151 : King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Computat Biosci Res Ctr CBRC, Elect & Math Sci & Engn CEMSE Div, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
152 : Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Zool, IL-6997802 Tel Aviv, Israel.
153 : PSL Res Univ CRIOBE USR3278 EPHE CNRS UPVD, BP1013, F-98729 Papetoai, French Polynesi, France.
154 : Univ Trento, Dept Civil Environm & Mech Engn, Via Calepina 14, I-38122 Trento, Italy.
155 : Stelvio Natl Pk, I-23032 Bormio, SO, Italy.
156 : Inuit Elder Community Mittimatalik, Iqaluit, NU, Canada.
157 : Univ Costa, Civil & Environm Dept, Cl 58 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia.
158 : Univ Sergio Arboleda, Sch Law, Santa Marta, Colombia.
159 : Univ Oriente, Multidisciplinary Studies Ctr Coastal Zone, Ave Patricio Lumumba S-N, Santiago De Cuba 90500, Cuba.
160 : Russian Academian Sci, Inst Biol Southern Seas, Sevastopol 299011, Russia.
161 : British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, Cambs, England.
162 : Govt Tristan da Cunha, Jamestown STHL 1ZZ, St Helena.
163 : Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Sci Terra Ambiente & Vita, Corso Europa 26, I-16132 Genoa, Italy.
164 : WWF Canada, 60 St Jacques St, Montreal, PQ H2Y 1L5, Canada.
165 : Univ Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, CIRAD, UMR CBGP,INRAE,IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
166 : Univ Azores, Okeanos Res Ctr, Rua Prof Dr Frederico Machado, P-9901862 Horta, Azores, Portugal.
167 : Univ Valparaiso, Fac Ciencias Mar & Recursos Nat, Ctr Observat Marino Estudios Riesgos Ambiente Cos, Valparaiso, Vina Del Mar, Chile.
168 : Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
169 : Agencia Reg Desenvolvimento Invest Tecnol & Inova, MARE Marine & Environm Sci Ctr, Funchal, Portugal.
170 : Fdn Edmund Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Biodivers & Mol Ecol, Via Mach 1, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, Italy.
171 : Max Planck Inst Anim Behav, Dept Migrat, Obstberg 1, D-78315 Radolfzell am Bodensee, Germany.
172 : King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Comp Elect & Math Sci & Engn Div, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
173 : Univ St Andrews, Sch Biol, Ctr Biol Divers, Sir Harold Mitchell Bldg, St Andrews KY16 9TH, Fife, Scotland.
174 : Tel Aviv Univ, Steinhardt Museum Nat Hist, POB 39040, IL-6139001 Tel Aviv, Israel.
Source Biological Conservation (0006-3207) (Elsevier Sci Ltd), 2021-11 , Vol. 263 , P. 109175 (18p.)
DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109175
WOS© Times Cited 82
Keyword(s) Pandemic, Biodiversity, Restoration, Global monitoring
Abstract

The global lockdown to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic health risks has altered human interactions with nature. Here, we report immediate impacts of changes in human activities on wildlife and environmental threats during the early lockdown months of 2020, based on 877 qualitative reports and 332 quantitative assessments from 89 different studies. Hundreds of reports of unusual species observations from around the world suggest that animals quickly responded to the reductions in human presence. However, negative effects of lockdown on conservation also emerged, as confinement resulted in some park officials being unable to perform conservation, restoration and enforcement tasks, resulting in local increases in illegal activities such as hunting. Overall, there is a complex mixture of positive and negative effects of the pandemic lockdown on nature, all of which have the potential to lead to cascading responses which in turn impact wildlife and nature conservation. While the net effect of the lockdown will need to be assessed over years as data becomes available and persistent effects emerge, immediate responses were detected across the world. Thus, initial qualitative and quantitative data arising from this serendipitous global quasi-experimental perturbation highlights the dual role that humans play in threatening and protecting species and ecosystems. Pathways to favorably tilt this delicate balance include reducing impacts and increasing conservation effectiveness.
Full Text
File Pages Size Access
Publisher's official version 19 6 MB Open access
Appendix 1 Fig. A1. Change in time spent visiting nature. Fig. A2. Change in time spent driving. Fig. A3. Change in air traffic based on flight schedules. Fig. A4. Change in marine traffic based on .. 1 MB Open access
Appendix 2. Supplementary methods. Statistical analysis methods. 11 270 KB Open access
Appendix 3. Table S3. Anecdotal observations. Excel file containing transcribed, categorized, and scored anecdotal observations. 192 KB Open access
Appendix 4. Table S4. Transcribed empirical data. Excel file containing the empirical results transcribed from. 129 KB Open access
Appendix 5. Table S5. Raw empirical results and study details. An excel file containing the raw author-submitted empirical data analysis, results, results interpretation, meta-data, and a ... 206 KB Open access
Top of the page

How to cite 

Bates Amanda E., Primack Richard B., Biggar Brandy S., Bird Tomas J., Clinton Mary E., Command Rylan J., Richards Cerren, Shellard Marc, Geraldi Nathan R., Vergara Valeria, Acevedo-Charry Orlando, Colon-Pineiro Zuania, Ocampo David, Ocampo-Penuela Natalia, Sanchez-Clavijo Lina M., Adamescu Cristian M., Cheval Sorin, Racoviceanu Tudor, Adams Matthew D., Kalisa Egide, Kuuire Vincent Z., Aditya Vikram, Anderwald Pia, Wiesmann Samuel, Wipf Sonja, Badihi Gal, Henderson Matthew G., Loetscher Hanspeter, Baerenfaller Katja, Benedetti-Cecchi Lisandro, Bulleri Fabio, Bertocci Iacopo, Maggi Elena, Rindi Luca, Ravaglioli Chiara, Boerder Kristina, Bonnel Julien, Mathias Delphine, Archambault Philippe, Chauvaud Laurent, Braun Camrin D., Thorrold Simon R., Brownscombe Jacob W., Midwood Jonathan D., Boston Christine M., Brooks Jill L., Cooke Steven J., China Victor, Roll Uri, Belmaker Jonathan, Zvuloni Assaf, Coll Marta, Ortega Miquel, Connors Brendan, Lacko Lisa, Jayathilake Dinusha R. M., Costello Mark J., Crimmins Theresa M., Barnett Lorianne, Denny Ellen G., Gerst Katharine L., Marsh R. L., Posthumus Erin E., Rodriguez Reilly, Rosemartin Alyssa, Schaffer Sara N., Switzer Jeff R., Wong Kevin, Cunningham Susan J., Sumasgutner Petra, Amar Arjun, Thomson Robert L., Stofberg Miqkayla, Hofmeyr Sally, Suri Jessleena, Stuart-Smith Rick D., Day Paul B., Edgar Graham J., Cooper Antonia T., de Leo Fabio Cabrera, Garner Grant, Des Brisay Paulson G., Schrimpf Michael B., Koper Nicola, Diamond Michael S., Dwyer Ross G., Baker Cameron J., Franklin Craig E., Efrat Ron, Berger-Tal Oded, Hatzofe Ohad, Eguiluz Victor M., Rodriguez Jorge P., Fernandez-Gracia Juan, Elustondo David, Calatayud Vicent, English Philina A., Archer Stephanie K., Dudas Sarah E., Haggarty Dana R., Gallagher Austin J., Shea Brendan D., Shipley Oliver N., Gilby Ben L., Ballantyne Jasmine, Olds Andrew D., Henderson Christopher J., Schlacher Thomas A., Halliday William D., Brown Nicholas A. W., Woods Mackenzie B., Balshine Sigal, Juanes Francis, Rider Mitchell J., Albano Patricia S., Hammerschlag Neil, Hays Graeme C., Esteban Nicole, Pan Yuhang, He Guojun, Tanaka Takanao, Hensel Marc J. S., Orth Robert J., Patrick Christopher J., Hentati-Sundberg Jonas, Olsson Olof, Hessing-Lewis Margot L., Higgs Nicholas D., Hindell Mark A., McMahon Clive R., Harcourt Rob, Guinet Christophe, Hirsch Sarah E., Perrault Justin R., Hoover Shelby R., Reilly Jennifer D., Hobaiter Catherine, Gruber Thibaud, Huveneers Charlie, Udyawer Vinay, Clarke Thomas M., Kroesen Laura P., Hik David S., Cherry Seth G., Belluz Justin A. Del Bel, Jackson Jennifer M., Lai Shengjie, Lamb Clayton T., Leclair Gregory D., Parmelee Jeffrey R., Chatfield Matthew W. H., Frederick Cheryl A., Lee Sangdon, Park Hyomin, Choi Jaein, Letourneux Frederic, Grandmont Thierry, de Broin Frederic Dulude, Bety Joel, Gauthier Gilles, Legagneux Pierre, Lewis Jesse S., Haight Jeffrey, Liu Zhu, Lyon Jarod P., Hale Robin, D'Silva Dallas, Macgregor-Fors Ian, Arbelaez-Cortes Enrique, Estela Felipe A., Sanchez-Sarria Camilo E., Garcia-Arroyo Michelle, Aguirre-Samboni Giann K., Morales Juan C. Franco, Malamud Shahar, Gavriel Tal, Buba Yehezkel, Salingre Shira, Lazarus Mai, Yahel Ruthy, Ben Ari Yigael, Miller Eyal, Sade Rotem, Lavian Guy, Birman Ziv, Gury Manor, Baz Harel, Baskin Ilia, Penn Alon, Dolev Amit, Licht Ogen, Karkom Tabi, Davidzon Sharon, Berkovitch Avi, Yaakov Ofer, Manenti Raoul, Mori Emiliano, Ficetola Gentile Francesco, Lunghi Enrico, March David, Godley Brendan J., Martin Cecilia, Mihaly Steven F., Barclay David R., Thomson Dugald J. M., Dewey Richard, Bedard Jeannette, Miller Aroha, Dearden Amber, Chapman Jennifer, Dares Lauren, Borden Laura, Gibbs Donna, Schultz Jessica, Sergeenko Nikita, Francis Fiona, Weltman Amanda, Moity Nicolas, Ramirez-Gonzalez Jorge, Mucientes Gonzalo, Alonso-Fernandez Alexandre, Namir Itai, Bar-Massada Avi, Chen Ron, Yedvab Shmulik, Okey Thomas A., Oppel Steffen, Arkumarev Volen, Bakari Samuel, Dobrev Vladimir, Saravia-Mullin Victoria, Bounas Anastasios, Dobrev Dobromir, Kret Elzbieta, Mengistu Solomon, Pourchier Cloe, Ruffo Alazar, Tesfaye Million, Wondafrash Mengistu, Nikolov Stoyan C., Palmer Charles, Sileci Lorenzo, Rex Patrick T., Lowe Christopher G., Peters Francesc, Pine Matthew K., Radford Craig A., Wilson Louise, McWhinnie Lauren, Scuderi Alessia, Jeffs Andrew G., Prudic Kathleen L., Larrivee Maxim, McFarland Kent P., Solis Rodrigo, Hutchinson Rebecca A., Queiroz Nuno, Furtado Miguel A., Sims David W., Southall Emily, Quesada-Rodriguez Claudio A., Diaz-Orozco Jessica P., Rodgers Ku'Ulei S., Severino Sarah J. L., Graham Andrew T., Stefanak Matthew P., Madin Elizabeth M. P., Ryan Peter G., Maclean Kyle, Weideman Eleanor A., Kittelberger Kyle D., Kusak Josip, Seminoff Jeffrey A., Hanna Megan E., Shimada Takahiro, Meekan Mark G., Smith Martin K. S., Mokhatla Mohlamatsane M., Soh Malcolm C. K., Pang Roanna Y. T., Ng Breyl X. K., Benjamin P. Y-H Lee, Loo Adrian H. B., Er Kenneth B. H., Souza Gabriel B. G., Stallings Christopher D., Curtis Joseph S., Faletti Meaghan E., Peake Jonathan A., Schram Michael J., Wall Kara R., Terry Carina, Rothendler Matt, Zipf Lucy, Ulloa Juan Sebastian, Hernandez-Palma Angelica, Gomez-Valencia Bibiana, Cruz-Rodriguez Cristian, Herrera-Varon Yenifer, Roa Margarita, Rodriguez-Buritica Susana, Ochoa-Quintero Jose Manuel, Vardi Reut, Vazquez Victor, Requena-Mesa Christian, Warrington Miyako H., Taylor Michelle E., Woodall Lucy C., Stefanoudis Paris, V, Zhang Xiangliang, Yang Qiang, Zukerman Yuval, Sigal Zehava, Ayali Amir, Clua Eric E. G., Carzon Pamela, Seguine Clementine, Corradini Andrea, Pedrotti Luca, Foley Catherine M., Gagnon Catherine Alexandra, Panipakoochoo Elijah, Milanes Celene B., Botero Camilo M., Velazquez Yunior R., Milchakova Nataliya A., Morley Simon A., Martin Stephane M., Nanni Veronica, Otero Tanya, Wakeling Julia, Abarro Sarah, Piou Cyril, Sobral Ana F. L., Soto Eulogio H., Weigel Emily G., Bernal-Ibanez Alejandro, Gestoso Ignacio, Cacabelos Eva, Cagnacci Francesca, Devassy Reny P., Loretto Matthias-Claudio, Moraga Paula, Rutz Christian, Duarte Carlos M. (2021). Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment. Biological Conservation, 263, 109175 (18p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109175 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00740/85158/